Is your BIOS in Legacy or UEFI mode? Your screenshot show that your existing system in installed in legacy BIOS mode and disk is partitioned to MBR format, but now you have managed to boot USB installer in UEFI mode.
If your BIOS is in UEFI mode then try to turn it to Legacy mode to see if you can boot from HDD.
If your system support UEFI mode and you want to install that system in UEFI mode then you have to delete all partitions and continue installation to unallocated space. Then installer can convert that disk to GPT mode and create required partitions. Also: Make sure that BIOS is set to UEFI mode if it isn't.
EDIT:
On those later screenshots is told to use Rufus and select partition scheme: MBR or turn BIOS to UEFI mode.
NOTE: Before you delete anything make sure that you have backup from all data you want to keep.