Hello Anne,
Very appreciate for your efforts to test. According to the summary, my personal view is that this issue can be related with either your local Mac environment, specific Teams client, or Chrome browser on your Mac device.
Since you can access files when on PC, I think at least, your account permission, the communication between Teams service and SharePoint service, and these 2 services are working well. The network is working fine too.
May I confirm with you whether the default browser is set to Chrome on your Mac device? Change it to Safari (just temporarily) for test and check if you can open files on Teams desktop app. Please also check updates for Chrome on Mac. Also try to reset Chrome settings (please be kindly noted that reset Chrome will loss all cached data including bookmarks, cookies, passwords, etc.). Make sure Chrome allows third-party cookies.
Kind Regards,
Anna