An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
That depends on how you do the migration. If you migrate to Azure SQL Database or Managed Instance, you will be on SQL 2019 essentially.
If you migrate to a VM, you can take an existing image, and these images only have the most recent service packs etc. If you are a on lower service pack on-prem migration is not going to fail - the effect is the same as if you had applied the service pack locally. That is, there is a very small risk that you will run into regression issues.
If you start with a blank VM, you can install SQL Server with any service pack you like, but you will of course not be supported - just as you are unsupported with these versions today. (And as Leon noted, SQL 2008 is unsupported unless you have coughed up for extra support.)