Azure SQL Database provides two different solutions to recover your data from disasters: Geo Restore and Geo Replication. You can compare these 2 options in terms of costs, data loss, and recovery time.
It seems you are interested on recovery time. Geo Restore will basically restore your database from backup files. The recovery time can be impacted by multiple factors: how large your database is, which service tier the database is restoring to, where the backup files are, how many databases you are trying to recover, how many people are trying to recovery their databases… The ERT for geo restore (estimated recovery time) is 12 hours. But for some cases, especially for very large databases, it could run longer than that. If you have geo replication configured, the failover usually takes less than 30 seconds.