A family of Microsoft word processing software products for creating web, email, and print documents.
The whole point of protected forms is that data entry is restricted to the form fields themselves. If you want to reproduce some information from those fields in the header/footer then you are going to have to use either a styleref field to include the content of a field formatted in a particular style, or you will need a macro to force the update of a REF field. REF fields in the document body will update if the calculate on exit check box of the feeding field is checked. REF fields in the header will not. Styleref fields update automatically.
You can use the example code at http://www.gmayor.com/installing_macro.htm to force the REF update, but note that you cannot force users to run your macro if they choose not to.
An alternative, as you have Word 2010, would be to use content controls, which do not require the document to be protected.