First you need to create a database design that can support the requirements. As a good database design it should model real entities. You're saying you're getting "daily basic user details" but your examples are not about users. Maybe membership???
Leave all calculated fields out of your tables. Don't use calculated tables for now.
"Helper" tables will be similar to the Domains list you currently have. I would store it in Access rather than SharePoint, but that's OK too if there are reasons for that.
Calculated fields will be generated in an Access query. For example:
select Month(myDate), Year(myDate) from myTable
This query is then used for (I assume) some reports you are generating on a daily basis.
I feel there is more analysis that needs to get done here, but the above should get you started.