A family of Microsoft relational database management systems designed for ease of use.
This is not a common problem. Tons of people run Access apps on Win10. I personally have since it came out, and everyone in my company is as well on a daily basis.
This sounds like a network problem, that just coincides with installing Win10. I would have IT check your NIC, cables, etc. Of course make sure you have the latest drivers. Also maybe you could temporarily move to another Win10 machine, maybe even a VM on another machine.
Also I would decompile, compact, and recompile the application.
You keep excellent backups of this important db, yes? Have those backups verified with a test restore.