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Hi TMitchell74,
Please be noted that AD FS Pass Through Authentication is not supported in Office 2010 that doesn't support Modern Authentication. That is to say, this feature is not available for your current situation (Office 2010) but for Office 2013/2016 that supports Modern Authentication. The whole process of AD FS Pass Through Authentication is the authentication of the user identity.
For more information, you can refer to https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/connect/active-directory-aadconnect-pass-through-authentication-current-limitations (Unsupported scenarios).
Regards,
Alan