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How can I set up a formula where it adjusts the referred column each week automatically?
Your question can be interpreted in different ways...
I would use OFFSET:
The formula for the validation check:
B7: =B2/A2-1
Copy this formula into B8, D7:D8, F7:F8
The formula in F7 becomes
=F2/E2-1
So the question is how can we refer to F2 and E2 using OFFSET
G2: =OFFSET(G2,0,$G$1*2+1)/OFFSET(G2,0,$G$1*2)-1
Where the value in G1 means "how many weeks back?"
Andreas.