Hi Phili.
Thanks for posting here and we will try our best to help you.
According to your description, we did a test from our side, and when we re-open the document, we got the following message:
When we click Yes, the table updated normally.
In your situation, we searched a lot, and we found a related thread on the Office TechNet forum, you can follow the last reply which posted by shchronix to modify your registry:
Please click Windows button in the lower-left corner>type registry>go to
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT>.xlsx>Double click on (Default) > change value "xlsx_auto_file" to "Excel.Sheet.12
If you are using Excel workbook included Macros, please go to HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT>.xlsm.
Note **:**Please click File>Export to back up your registry setting first.
Related thread: Links between Word and Excel do not work if the source file is not opened
Please have a try and share the result with us,
Best Regards
Higgins