When there is no "pmt" (second parameter), you can compute the periodic rate directly as follows:
=(1665/20)^(1/9) - 1
formatted as Percentage.
I suspect that Google Sheets is smart enough to realize that.
Sadly, Excel is not. But usually, it helps to provide a "guess". In your case, the following works:
=RATE(9,,-20,1665,,60%)
However, that's a cheat. There is no good way to know what a good "guess" is. I used 60% only because you told us the answer, in the first place.
(I use a table of NPV formulas -- or PV formulas, in this case -- to see where a "guess" might be, using a list of rates from -99% to 100% or more. But that's complicated.)