Hi Patrick,
Welcome to the Answers community.
We understand you want to give edit permission on specific cells to certain users and I suppose you want to use Allow edit range option, as show below.
If you use this method to lock certain cells, the individuals accessing the workbook online (in SharePoint or Teams) will not be able to edit the workbook, all the cells will be locked even the cells which are allowed for editing.
Based on your requirement, to lock specific cells, I tried the method mentioned in the following article and then shared the workbook, when opening the workbook in browser, I was able to edit the unlocked cells, when I tried to edit the locked ones, I received the following message.
Lock or unlock specific areas of a protected worksheet
I’ll suggest you please try the method from the article, check if this works for you.
Regards,
Neha