Hi @frob ,
Sorry for the delay. I have done some research and testing. Usually we use Add-SPOUser or Pnp commands to add external users. After my research, the current commands cannot meet your needs. It is currently not supported by powershell to grant external user permissions at the folder level.
We may need to manually authorize external users at the folder level. Thanks for your support and understanding.
References:
Add-SPOUser
Add-PnPUserToGroup
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