The administration and maintenance of Microsoft Exchange Server to ensure secure, reliable, and efficient email and collaboration services across an organization.
It's likely that your PowerShell session is timing out. Try the new REST-based cmdlets, which should be more robust: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/exchange/exchange-online-powershell-v2?view=exchange-ps
Get-EXOMailbox -ResultSize Unlimited -Properties RetentionPolicy | select Name, RetentionPolicy
You can also try running it in smaller batches, by filtering the users say per department, etc. Or simply try from a different machine/network, 16k should take just few minutes to return.