A range is a set of cells on a worksheet, for example B2:D5 is the rectangular set of cells with B2 as upper left corner and D5 as bottom right corner.
A table is a special type of range, created by selecting Table on the Insert tab of the ribbon. The first row of a table contains the headers (field names), and the rows below contain the data records.
An array is a matrix of values. The values of a range are an example of an array, but Excel can also work with arrays that do not correspond to a range of cells. For example, {1,2,3} is an array of 3 numbers, but not a range.
Some Excel functions can handle both ranges and arrays, for example SUM:
=SUM(A1:A3) and =SUM({1,2,3}) are both valid formulas.
Other functions can only handle ranges.
For example =SUMIF(A1:A10, ">5") will sum the values of the cells in A1:A10 that are larger than 5.
But on the other hand, =SUMIF({3,6,9}, ">5") will return an error because the array {3,6,9} is not a range.