Dear respected,
Good day! Welcome to Microsoft Community.
We went through your post carefully and do understand the situation that the previous drive with Visio installed is now broken and no longer for you to access. In this situation, we would like to convey that Microsoft needs user to transfer the Visio license to a new PC/drive because the Office activation process can only detect if the device(system) ID matches the one linked in your account, so now Microsoft Activation Process considers your Visio is trying to activate on a new PC while it is actually the same PC just with a fresh drive. Hence, you can consider this as a Visio license transfer situation.
For reference: This product is already installed on another device - Microsoft Support
Generally, to transfer one-time purchase product like Office/Visio 2021/2019, it needs to uninstall on the original PC completely to make sure there has no other copies, and then install on the new PC. However, as it seems like the previous drive is no longer available to access, we suggest you follow the guide in the official article to use the virtual agent. Click: contact support to transfer your license to this device.

However, if you are having the Visio 2016 or earlier, please refer to this article: Activate Office using the Activation wizard - Microsoft Support
We hope the above information can help for your scenario. Appreciate your understanding that sometimes the initial reply may not resolve the situation very soon. However, we can work together to narrow down and resolve the situation. Please kindly post back and provide the more information, then we can focus on your specific scenario and provide specific suggestions.
Feel free to come back with us and we will offer the further support as much as we can. Appreciate your patience and understanding and thanks for your time and cooperation. Hope you a nice day!
Sincerely,
Mia | Microsoft Community Moderator