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Hi Theo van Westrienen,
Thanks for posting in the community. We are happy to help you.
Per your description, you have already checked the existing previous versions of this file. In this case, I recommend you report the situation to your tenant admin or IT team and ask them to raise a support ticket via Microsoft 365 Admin Center> Support> Help & support. That support team there will have the correct channel and resources to help you investigate more and see if there is a way to get all previous versions of this file.
Also, we welcome community members to share ideas about the situation if one has related experiences.
Sorry for the inconvenience that happened to you. Appreciate your understanding and patience.
Sincerely,
George | Microsoft Community Moderator