Installing KB5055661 on your Windows Server 2016 AD shouldn’t directly break NPS authentication. That update is just a servicing stack update and doesn’t touch authentication.
However, sometimes updates can indirectly cause issues, especially around certificates or AD mappings. Since your NPS is on 2019, it’s worth checking:
- Certificates are correctly mapped to machine accounts.
- NPS policies and settings aren’t misconfigured.
- Event logs on both AD and NPS for errors.
- Test with different clients to see if it’s widespread.
Also, KB5055661 has been superseded by newer updates, so staying fully patched can help avoid quirks.