If anyone else encounters this problem, here is the solution that finally worked for me:
- Add a PublisherCacheFolders extension to App Manifest
- access the shared folder from both processes via Windows.Storage.ApplicationData.Current.GetPublisherCacheFolder
- put Files directly into this folder, don't create subfolders.
This way, concurrent access is possible for both processes. If any of the processes creates a directory, this directory seems to be locked to the creating process.