That pop-up seems to come from Microsoft Family Safety / Windows Parental Controls. When Chrome starts, Windows tries to open that Family Safety prompt for chrome.exe, but the handler/app is broken or misconfigured, so you get “File system error (-2147219196)” and Family Safety briefly flashes.
This symptom is common when Content filters are enabled (Family Safety can enforce web filtering only in Edge, and may block other browsers).
Go to Settings > Accounts > Family & other users and see if this account/device is under a Microsoft Family group.
- Then sign in at family.microsoft.com (organizer account) > select the family member > check:
- Content filters > if enabled, try turning it off temporarily to test.
- App and game limits > remove/disable any limits for Google Chrome.