Hello
First off, I would deactivate any 3rd Party firewall or AV temporary, as it may be filtering the communication to Windows Update servers.
If the issue still persists, I would recommend to run a image repair following: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/manufacture/desktop/repair-a-windows-image
Last but not least, rather than the CBS log, it would be better to build and review the windowsupdate.log for specific event logging on what leads to the issue: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/windowsupdate/get-windowsupdatelog?view=windowsserver2019-ps
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