Hi!
Welcome to Microsoft Q&A forum.
Based from you information, buying Minecraft on your phone does NOT automatically give you the PC version.
When you bought Minecraft on your phone, you likely bought Minecraft Bedrock (mobile version) via Google Play or App Store and that will be tied to your Google Play / Apple ID and NOT your Microsoft account. (Mobile and PC version is totatly separate)
It's intersting thatyou mentioned “I actually got to install Minecraft bedrock in my pc back in December/January.” It could be that you were logged into a different Microsoft account that actually owns Minecraft game.
Look at the top left with the name LIKA 1114, are you sure you have that account when the game worked before? Chances are it could be a different account since there are no records on the order history.