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This looks more like Excel treating those values as text than an issue with the milliseconds themselves. Leading zeros in the fractional seconds (like .080 or .010) should be valid ISO timestamps.
A quick workaround is to import the data as text first, then convert it with a formula or Power Query instead of relying on automatic detection. It may also help to check your regional date/time settings, as they can affect parsing. The official Excel documentation has more information on supported date formats.