A family of Microsoft spreadsheet software with tools for analyzing, charting, and communicating data.
The leading single quote (') is generally called a text prefix or apostrophe prefix. It tells Excel to treat the following entry as text rather than interpret it as a number, date, formula, or other value.
It is not normally called an escape character. An escape character is a broader programming concept used to change how the following character is interpreted. In Excel, the more precise terminology is text prefix. For example, entering '2/31 causes Excel to display 2/31 exactly as entered, rather than attempting to interpret it as a date.
The apostrophe itself is not displayed in the cell. It is essentially a formatting instruction to Excel that says, "treat this entry as text."
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hth
Marcin