Hi @Craig
I'm really sorry for the inconvenience you are encountering. However, I am a also a normal forum user like you, I cannot directly fix this.
In order to assist you better, can you please let me know which kind of attachment you cannot preview/download? (docx, jpg, etc.) Or does this happen to all kind of attachments?
You can try using another browser (Edge if possible), clear cache or using a private incognito web to test if the issue persists. You can also ask the sender to upload the file to OneDrive and share the OneDrive link instead of include the attachment directly to the email.
Additionally, there is an ongoing incident that affect Exchange functionality. If you are the normal user, please contact your IT admin and ask them to check it for you. They will be able to let you know when Microsoft has a new update.
If you are the IT admin, you can check directly via the links below:
https://admin.cloud.microsoft/#/servicehealth/:/alerts/EX1464935
https://admin.cloud.microsoft/#/servicehealth/:/alerts/MO1465074

Thanks for your patience and understanding.