@Jake Moe Thanks for posting in our Q&A.
For this issue, it is suggested to try to enable fingerprint in the Android system settings of the Android Work Profile. If this issue still exists, it is not sure whether it is caused by Microsoft Authenticator or it is causedd by Android Work Profile. It is needed to check some information in the background to find the root cause. With Q&A limitation, it is suggested to create an online support ticket to get more accurate help. Here is the support link:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/mem/get-support
Thanks for your understanding.
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