Hello @Christian Schindler
This error is related to the encryption level of the authentication and RSA.
I would recommend to download and reinstall LAPS from: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=46899
Please ensure that you use the right version for your architecture, as well you have the requisites met: https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/itops-talk-blog/step-by-step-guide-how-to-configure-microsoft-local/ba-p/2806185
Also I would focus into system update, as well anything related to Powershell version and .NET versions.
Hope this helps with your query,
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