I see that you accepted my Answer, but judging from the errorlog the problem still persists, so it may be better to unaccept my answer, until we have a resolution. Or did the penny drop directly when you saw this line:
There have been 256 misaligned log IOs which required falling back to synchronous IO
In that case, I'm impressed!
Anyway, this has to do with the disk sector size not being what it should be. It has been commonly seen on Windows 11, where the operating system reports in correct data, but I see that you are on Windows 10.
I have not fully grasped the situation, but what you can try is to go into the SQL Server Configuration Manger and add this startup parameter:
That reads -T1800. Don't forget to press Add and OK. Then retry the installation. This trace flag helps SQL Server to deal with the funky sector size.