Hi there,
You wont be able to tell whether EOP or Defender handled a message with any logs, but know that Defender is really a set of enhanced tools on top of EOP:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/recommended-settings-for-eop-and-office365?view=o365-worldwide#anti-phishing-policy-settings-in-microsoft-defender-for-office-365
Specifically anti-phishing, safe links and attachments etc..
1) If you are testing anti-malware, thats something EOP handles:
2) Check the quarantine and see why its blocked. You can unblock or add to your safe sender list.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/manage-quarantined-messages-and-files?view=o365-worldwide
If you do not see it in quarantine, check the message tracking logs: