There are a number of ways to do that, if you want to find the response to a message the easiest way should be to take the InternetMessageId from the original email in the Inbox eg
GraphServiceClient graphServiceClient = new GraphServiceClient(credentials);
var Messages = graphServiceClient.Users["user@domain.com"].MailFolders["Inbox"].Messages.Request().Select("Subject,InternetMessageId").Top(1).GetAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
Console.WriteLine(Messages[0].InternetMessageId);
and then you can search for any messages in the SentItems folder that are In-Reply-to that message using the In-Reply-To headers extended property
String filterval = $"singleValueExtendedProperties/Any(ep: ep/id eq 'String 0x1042' and ep/value eq '{Messages[0].InternetMessageId}')";
var Replies = graphServiceClient.Users["gscales@datarumble.com"].MailFolders["SentItems"].Messages.Request()
.Filter(filterval).GetAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
Console.WriteLine(Replies.Count);
Another approach can be to use the LastVerbExecuted extended property https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/373854/identify-forward-and-reply-emails-using-graph-api.html