Press Win + E to open File Explorer.
Navigate to the following location: C:\Windows\Logs\CBS.
In here, open CBS.log file by double-clicking it.
Here, look for lines that include the 0x800f0831 error, or includes the following information (use Ctrl + F to look for specific keywords):
Store corruption, manifest missing for package: [Missing_Package]
Write down the KB number next to one of these lines.
Now visit Microsoft Update Catalog website download and install the missing package.
Reboot your PC and then try running Windows updates as per usual.