To get the contents of a column you can use this Graph API GET https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/sites/{site-id}/lists/{list-id}/items?$expand=fields&$filter=fields/{field-Name} eq '{value}'
Please refer below sample screenshot from Graph Explorer.
If you want to get all values of particular column you can use GET https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/sites/{site-id}/lists/{list-id}/items?expand=fields(select=Column1)
For more details please refer to this documentation.
Hope this helps.
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