Hello @William Menant ,
Welcome to Microsoft QnA.
Have you checked this link?
If you would have used the marketplace image with M365 Apps then OneDrive would have been installed correctly. Here, I am guessing it's likely a GPO or something in the user profile container that is breaking it from launching/opening. Could you verify that you don't have any GPOs in place and/or anything in the users' profile that's breaking it?
Please do let me know if the above information helps? Tag me in your response. Thanks!