To summarise what we have found so far:
- Your first attempts to install failed because of a problem with the installation of MSOLEDBSQL. Since you did not share the log file for MSOLEDBSQL we don't know why. (Then again, it is not sure we had been able to understand the log file.)
- Then you tried to install Express Edition. This appears be due to that Setup did not find C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\150\Shared\RsFxInstall\RsFx0600.inf, and that file is not on your system now. But we don't know if the file was removed when Setup rolled back.
- You have no other antivirus but Windows Defender, and nothing appears to have been quarantined.
What I can say is that there is something fishy with your machine - but what that would be I have very little idea.
Troubleshooting a problem like this is certainly not simple. You could run Process Monitor while Setup is running and filter for that RsFx0600.inf file to figure out why it is missing. But it certainly a tedious process. And it does require some technical experience, and the more you know of Windows, the better.
Alternatives? Flatten the machine and reinstall Windows is a brutal one. A somewhat better option is to add a virtual machine and run SQL Server on the VM.