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I heard my name being mentioned :-)
On your current config the SCOM 2022 upgrade should deny your upgrade due to having an older version of SQL.
The process would be as the others indicated. To first upgrade your SQL to either SQL 2017 or SQL 2019 and immediately update the SQL to a latest Cumulative Update level (for 2019 that is CU8 or higher). From those two SQL versions, you should be fine to in-place upgrade SCOM 2019 to SCOM 2022. Assuming of course other things check out.
SCOM 2019 will run on SQL 2019 CU8 or higher.
Stoyan mentions a good trick. to stop management servers, while upgrading your SQL machine and do both SQL upgrade and SQL CUx upgrade one after the other and next enable SCOM management servers again. Will take them 10-20 minutes to calm down after that. Don't forget the SQL reporting services instance by the way for this whole SCOM upgrade process.
Hope this answers your question.