Vector Search filtering guide

This page describes the filter expression syntax for Vector Search queries. The filter syntax is different for standard and storage-optimized endpoints.

• Standard endpoints use a Python dictionary, where the key encodes both the column name and the operator (for example, {"price <": 200}).
• Storage-optimized endpoints use a SQL-like filter string similar to a WHERE clause (for example, "price < 200").

For a complete reference of supported operators and where to find filters in the query API, see Use filters on queries. For example notebooks, see Example notebooks.

Standard endpoints

Standard endpoints accept a Python dictionary passed to similarity_search() through the filters parameter. The key encodes both the column name and the operator (for example, {"price >": 40000}), and multiple keys in the same dict are combined with AND logic. This section summarizes the supported operators and known limitations.

Quick reference

String columns

Operator	Syntax	Example
Exact match	{"col": "val"}	{"make": "Toyota"}
Negation	{"col NOT": "val"}	{"make NOT": "Ford"}
OR (multiple values)	{"col": ["v1","v2"]}	{"make": ["Toyota","Honda"]}
Token-based LIKE	{"col LIKE": "token"}	{"color LIKE": "red"}
Hyphenated values	{"col": "F-150"}	{"model": "F-150"}
JSON pattern LIKE	[{"col LIKE": "%pattern%"}, {"col2 op": n}]	[{"specs LIKE": '%"drivetrain":"AWD"%'}, {"price <": 50000}]

Numeric columns (INT, DOUBLE)

Operator	Syntax	Example
Greater than	{"col >": n}	{"price >": 40000}
Less than or equal	{"col <=": n}	{"price <=": 55000}
Greater than or equal	{"col >=": n}	{"rating >=": 4.5}
Integer match	{"col": n}	{"year": 2024}
Range	Two keys in dict	{"price >=": 30000, "price <=": 55000}

Boolean columns

Operator	Syntax	Example
Match true	{"col": true}	{"in_stock": true}
Match false	{"col": false}	{"in_stock": false}

Array columns

Standard endpoints support primitive ARRAY types: ARRAY<STRING>, ARRAY<INT>, ARRAY<BIGINT>, ARRAY<SMALLINT>, ARRAY<TINYINT>, ARRAY<FLOAT>, ARRAY<DOUBLE>, ARRAY<BOOLEAN>, ARRAY<DATE>, and ARRAY<TIMESTAMP>. ARRAY<STRUCT> is not supported.

Operator	Syntax	Example
Contains a value	{"col": "val"}	{"body_type": "sedan"}
Contains any value (OR)	{"col": ["v1","v2"]}	{"body_type": ["hybrid","electric"]}
AND with another column	{"col": ["v1","v2"], "col2": "val"}	{"body_type": ["hybrid", "electric"], "make": "BMW"}

Timestamp columns (native TIMESTAMP or DATE)

Operator	Syntax	Example
After	{"col >": "ISO8601Z"}	{"listed_at >": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}
Exact timestamp match	{"col": "ISO8601Z"}	{"listed_at": "2024-01-10T09:15:00Z"}
Negation	{"col NOT": "ISO8601Z"}	{"listed_at NOT": "2024-01-10T09:15:00Z"}
Range	Two keys in dict	{"listed_at >=": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z", "listed_at <": "2024-04-01T00:00:00Z"}

Combined filters

Multiple keys in a single dict are combined with AND logic. Use the {"col1 OR col2 op": [v1, v2]} syntax for OR across different fields.

Pattern	Syntax	Example
String + numeric	Multiple keys	{"make": "BMW", "price >": 60000}
Numeric + numeric	Multiple keys	{"price >": 50000, "rating >=": 4.7}
String + numeric + array	Multiple keys	{"make": ["Tesla", "Toyota"], "price <=": 55000, "body_type": "electric"}
String + array + numeric	Multiple keys	{"body_type": ["hybrid", "electric"], "price <": 70000, "year": 2024}
String + numeric + timestamp	Multiple keys	{"make": "Toyota", "price <=": 40000, "listed_at >=": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}
OR across fields	Combined key	{"make OR price <=": ["Tesla", 30000]}
JSON LIKE + numeric	List of dicts	[{"specs LIKE": '%"drivetrain":"AWD"%'}, {"price <": 50000}]
AND on the same field	List of dicts	[{"make_model_year LIKE": "%Tesla%"}, {"make_model_year LIKE": "%2024%"}]

Limitations

Limitation	Detail	Workaround
ARRAY<struct> not supported	Creating an index with ARRAY<struct> columns raises BadRequest: Invalid column type in schema. Supported field types include array<float>, array<tinyint>, array<double>, timestamp, tinyint, float, smallint, array<date>, string, array<boolean>, array<smallint>, double, boolean, date, int, array<string>, array<bigint>, array<timestamp>, bigint, and array<int>.	Unflatten the struct into a string column for indexing and filtering.
LIKE is token-based only	Matches whole whitespace-separated tokens, not SQL wildcard patterns (%, _).	Use a storage-optimized endpoint for wildcard LIKE.
STRING date columns not supported	Using >, <, >=, or <= on STRING columns raises BadRequest: Please use a numeric value.	Use a native TIMESTAMP column with ISO 8601 values, or store dates as epoch milliseconds.
BETWEEN not supported	There is no BETWEEN operator.	Use two keys in the dict, for example {"price >=": 30000, "price <=": 55000}.
No SQL functions in filters	Functions like to_timestamp() are not supported in dict filters.	Use a storage-optimized endpoint with a SQL filter string. For timestamps, store as epoch milliseconds.
JSON numeric filtering not supported	Standard endpoints cannot extract or cast nested JSON values (for example, specs.hp >, CAST(), or get_json_object()).	Use LIKE patterns on the JSON string, or pre-extract the value as a top-level INT column.
Duplicate dict keys silently dropped	Python keeps only the last value for duplicate keys in a dict. For example, {"make_model_year LIKE": "%Tesla%", "make_model_year LIKE": "%2024%"} only applies the second filter.	Use a list of dicts: [{"make_model_year LIKE": "%Tesla%"}, {"make_model_year LIKE": "%2024%"}].

Storage-optimized endpoints

Storage-optimized endpoints accept a SQL-like filter string passed to similarity_search() through the filters parameter. This section summarizes the supported operators and known limitations.

Quick reference

String columns

Operator	Syntax	Example
Exact match	col = 'val'	make = 'Toyota'
Negation	col != 'val'	make != 'Ford'
OR (multiple values)	col IN ('v1','v2')	make IN ('Toyota','Honda')
Wildcard pattern	col LIKE 'pat%'	color LIKE 'bl%'
Hyphenated values	col = 'val-ue'	model = 'F-150'
JSON substring match	col LIKE '%"k":v%'	specs LIKE '%"hp":4%'

Numeric columns (INT, DOUBLE)

Operator	Syntax	Example
Greater than	col > n	price > 40000
Less than or equal	col <= n	price <= 25000
Greater than or equal	col >= n	rating >= 4.7
Integer match	col = n	year = 2024
Range	col >= a AND col <= b	price >= 30000 AND price <= 55000

Boolean columns

Operator	Syntax	Example
Boolean true	col IS TRUE	in_stock IS TRUE

Array columns

Array filtering is not supported on storage-optimized endpoints. ARRAY_CONTAINS raises a BadRequest: Syntax error. As a workaround, concatenate array values into a string column and use LIKE. For example:

• "body_type LIKE '%sedan%'"
• "body_type LIKE '%hybrid%' OR body_type LIKE '%electric%'"

Timestamp columns (native TIMESTAMP)

Operator	Syntax	Example
After date	col > TO_TIMESTAMP('ISO8601')	listed_at > TO_TIMESTAMP('2024-03-01T00:00:00')
Range	Combine with AND	listed_at >= TO_TIMESTAMP('2024-01-01T00:00:00') AND listed_at < TO_TIMESTAMP('2024-04-01T00:00:00')

Combined filters

Pattern	Syntax	Example
String + numeric	A AND B	make = 'BMW' AND price > 60000
Numeric + numeric	A AND B	price > 50000 AND rating >= 4.7
String + numeric + IN	A AND B AND C	make IN ('Tesla', 'Toyota') AND price <= 55000 AND year >= 2022
OR across fields	A OR (B AND C)	make = 'Tesla' OR (make = 'BMW' AND price > 60000)
Timestamp + numeric + string	A AND B AND C	listed_at >= TO_TIMESTAMP('2024-01-01T00:00:00') AND price < 40000 AND make = 'Toyota'

Limitations

Limitation	Detail	Workaround
ARRAY<struct> not supported	Creating an index with ARRAY<struct> columns raises BadRequest: Invalid column type in schema. Supported field types include array<float>, array<tinyint>, array<double>, timestamp, tinyint, float, smallint, array<date>, string, array<boolean>, array<smallint>, double, boolean, date, int, array<string>, array<bigint>, array<timestamp>, bigint, and array<int>.	Unflatten the struct into a string column for indexing and filtering.
ARRAY_CONTAINS not supported	ARRAY_CONTAINS(col, 'val') raises BadRequest: Syntax error. Array filtering is not supported in storage-optimized filter strings.	Concatenate array values into a string column and use LIKE.
BETWEEN not supported	Using BETWEEN raises BadRequest: no viable alternative at input 'priceBETWEEN'.	Use price >= a AND price <= b.
Bare timestamp strings cause type mismatch	listed_at > '2024-03-01T00:00:00' raises BadRequest: Cannot compare timestamp[us] with STRING_LITERAL.	Wrap the value with TO_TIMESTAMP(), for example listed_at > TO_TIMESTAMP('2024-03-01T00:00:00'). The column must be a native TIMESTAMP type.
JSON numeric filtering not supported	SQL functions like CAST(get_json_object(specs, '$.hp') AS INT) > 300 raise BadRequest: Syntax error. Expression-based filters are not supported in storage-optimized filter strings.	Pre-extract JSON fields into top-level columns at index creation time, or use LIKE pattern matching (for example, specs LIKE '%"hp":4%' OR specs LIKE '%"hp":5%' to approximate hp values of 400-599).
Post-filtering (overfetch)	Results are ranked by relevance first, then filtered. Most cases are handled automatically, but in rare scenarios—mainly LIKE '%...%' filters on more than 40 indexes with low num_results—matching documents with low relevance scores might not appear even if they satisfy the filter.	Increase num_results to widen the candidate pool.

Example notebooks

Standard endpoint setup and filtering notebook

Get notebook

Storage-optimized endpoint setup and filtering notebook

Get notebook