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Tutorial: Configure Enrollment over Secure Transport Server for Azure IoT Edge

  • Article

Applies to: IoT Edge 1.5 checkmark IoT Edge 1.5

Important

IoT Edge 1.5 LTS is the supported release. IoT Edge 1.4 LTS is end of life as of November 12, 2024. If you are on an earlier release, see Update IoT Edge.

With Azure IoT Edge, you can configure your devices to use an Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST) server to manage x509 certificates.

This tutorial walks you through hosting a test EST server and configuring an IoT Edge device for the enrollment and renewal of x509 certificates. In this tutorial, you learn how to:

  • Create and host a test EST server
  • Configure DPS group enrollment
  • Configure device

Diagram showing high-level overview of the three steps needed to complete this tutorial.

Prerequisites

Note

To use EST and IoT Edge for automatic device identity certificate issuance and renewal, which is recommended for production, IoT Edge must provision as part of a DPS CA-based enrollment group. Other methods of provisioning, including manual X.509 provisioning with IoT Hub and DPS with individual enrollment do not support automatic device identity certificate renewal.

What is Enrollment over Secure Transport?

Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST) is a cryptographic protocol that automates the issuance of x.509 certificates. It's used for public key infrastructure (PKI) clients, like IoT Edge that need client certificates associated to a Certificate Authority (CA). EST replaces the need for manual certificate management, which can be risky and error-prone.

EST server

For certificate issuance and renewal, you need an EST server accessible to your devices.

Important

For enterprise grade solutions, consider: GlobalSign IoT Edge Enroll or DigiCert IoT Device Manager.

For testing and development, you can use a test EST server. In this tutorial, we'll create a test EST server.

Run EST server on device

To quickly get started, this tutorial shows the steps to deploy a simple EST server in a container locally on the IoT Edge device. This method is the simplest approach to try it out.

The Dockerfile uses Ubuntu 18.04, a Cisco library called libest, and sample server code. It's configured with the following setting you can change:

  • Root CA valid for 20 years
  • EST server certificate valid for 10 years
  • Set the certificate default-days to 1 to test EST renewal
  • EST server runs locally on the IoT Edge device in a container

Caution

Do not use this Dockerfile in production.

  1. Connect to the device, for example using SSH, where you've installed IoT Edge.

  2. Create a file named Dockerfile (case sensitive) and add the sample content using your favorite text editor.

    Tip

    If you want to host your EST server in Azure Container Instance, change myestserver.westus.azurecontainer.io to the DNS name of your EST server. When choosing a DNS name, be aware the DNS label for an Azure Container instance must be at least five characters in length.

    Dockerfile 
    # DO NOT USE IN PRODUCTION - Use only for testing #

FROM ubuntu:18.04

RUN apt update && apt install -y apache2-utils git openssl libssl-dev build-essential && \
    git clone https://github.com/cisco/libest.git && cd libest && \
    ./configure --disable-safec && make install && \
    rm -rf /src && apt remove --quiet -y libssl-dev build-essential && \
    apt autoremove -y && apt clean -y && apt autoclean -y && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt /tmp/* /var/tmp/*

WORKDIR /libest/example/server/

# Setting the root CA expiration to 20 years
RUN sed -i "s|-days 365|-days 7300 |g" ./createCA.sh

## If you want to host your EST server remotely (for example, an Azure Container Instance),
## change myestserver.westus.azurecontainer.io to the fully qualified DNS name of your EST server
## OR, change the IP address
## and uncomment the corresponding line.
# RUN sed -i "s|DNS.2 = ip6-localhost|DNS.2 = myestserver.westus.azurecontainer.io|g" ./ext.cnf
# RUN sed -i "s|IP.2 = ::1|IP.2 = <YOUR EST SERVER IP ADDRESS>|g" ./ext.cnf

# Set EST server certificate to be valid for 10 years
RUN sed -i "s|-keyout \$EST_SERVER_PRIVKEY -subj|-keyout \$EST_SERVER_PRIVKEY -days 7300 -subj |g" ./createCA.sh

# Create the CA
RUN echo 1 | ./createCA.sh

# Set cert default-days to 1 to show EST renewal
RUN sed -i "s|default_days   = 365|default_days   = 1 |g" ./estExampleCA.cnf

# The EST server listens on port 8085 by default
# Uncomment to change the port to 443 or something else. If changed, EXPOSE that port instead of 8085. 
# RUN sed -i "s|estserver -c|estserver -p 443 -c |g" ./runserver.sh
EXPOSE 8085
CMD ./runserver.sh

  3. In the directory containing your Dockerfile, build your image from the sample Dockerfile.

    Bash 
    sudo docker build . --tag est

  4. Start the container and expose the container's port 8085 to port 8085 on the host.

    Bash 
    sudo docker run -d -p 8085:8085 est

  5. Now, your EST server is running and can be reached using localhost on port 8085. Verify that it's available by running a command to see its server certificate.

    Bash 
    openssl s_client -showcerts -connect localhost:8085

  6. You should see -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- midway through the output. Retrieving the certificate verifies that the server is reachable and can present its certificate.

Tip

To run this container in the cloud, build the image and push the image to Azure Container Registry. Then, follow the quickstart to deploy to Azure Container Instance.

Download CA certificate

Each device requires the Certificate Authority (CA) certificate that is associated to a device identity certificate.

  1. On the IoT Edge device, create the /var/aziot/certs directory if it doesn't exist then change directory to it.

    Bash 
    # If the certificate directory doesn't exist, create, set ownership, and set permissions
sudo mkdir -p /var/aziot/certs
sudo chown aziotcs:aziotcs /var/aziot/certs
sudo chmod 755 /var/aziot/certs

# Change directory to /var/aziot/certs
cd /var/aziot/certs

  2. Retrieve the CA certificate from the EST server into the /var/aziot/certs directory and name it cacert.crt.pem.

    Bash 
    openssl s_client -showcerts -verify 5 -connect localhost:8085 < /dev/null | sudo awk '/BEGIN/,/END/{ if(/BEGIN/){a++}; out="cert"a".pem"; print >out}' && sudo cp cert2.pem cacert.crt.pem

  3. Certificates should be owned by the key service user aziotcs. Set the ownership to aziotcs for all the certificate files and set permissions. For more information about certificate ownership and permissions, see Permission requirements.

    Bash 
    # Give aziotcs ownership to certificates
sudo chown -R aziotcs:aziotcs /var/aziot/certs
# Read and write for aziotcs, read-only for others
sudo find /var/aziot/certs -type f -name "*.*" -exec chmod 644 {} \;

Provision IoT Edge device using DPS

Using Device Provisioning Service allows you to automatically issue and renew certificates from an EST server in IoT Edge. When using the tutorial EST server, the identity certificates expire in one day making manual provisioning with IoT Hub impractical since each time the certificate expires the thumbprint must be manually updated in IoT Hub. DPS CA authentication with enrollment group allows the device identity certificates to be renewed without any manual steps.

Upload CA certificate to DPS

  1. If you don't have a Device Provisioning Service linked to IoT Hub, see Quickstart: Set up the IoT Hub Device Provisioning Service with the Azure portal.

  2. Transfer the cacert.crt.pem file from your device to a computer with access to the Azure portal such as your development computer. An easy way to transfer the certificate is to remotely connect to your device, display the certificate using the command cat /var/aziot/certs/cacert.crt.pem, copy the entire output, and paste the contents to a new file on your development computer.

  3. In the Azure portal, navigate to your instance of IoT Hub Device Provisioning Service.

  4. Under Settings, select Certificates, then +Add.

    A screenshot adding CA certificate to Device Provisioning Service using the Azure portal.

    Setting Value
    Certificate name Provide a friendly name for the CA certificate
    Certificate .pem or .cer file Browse to the cacert.crt.pem from the EST server
    Set certificate status to verified on upload Select the checkbox

  5. Select Save.

Create enrollment group

  1. In the Azure portal, navigate to your instance of IoT Hub Device Provisioning Service.

  2. Under Settings, select Manage enrollments.

  3. Select Add enrollment group then complete the following steps to configure the enrollment.

  4. On the Registration + provisioning tab, choose the following settings:

    A screenshot adding DPS enrollment group using the Azure portal.

    Setting Value
    Attestation mechanism Select X.509 certificates uploaded to this Device Provisioning Service instance
    Primary certificate Choose your certificate from the dropdown list
    Group name Provide a friendly name for this group enrollment
    Provisioning status Select Enable this enrollment checkbox

  5. On the IoT hubs tab, choose your IoT Hub from the list.

  6. On the Device settings tab, select the Enable IoT Edge on provisioned devices checkbox.

    The other settings aren't relevant to the tutorial. You can accept the default settings.

  7. Select Review + create.

Now that an enrollment exists for the device, the IoT Edge runtime can automatically manage device certificates for the linked IoT Hub.

Configure IoT Edge device

On the IoT Edge device, update the IoT Edge configuration file to use device certificates from the EST server.

  1. Open the IoT Edge configuration file using an editor. For example, use the nano editor to open the /etc/aziot/config.toml file.

    Bash 
    sudo nano /etc/aziot/config.toml

  2. Add or replace the following sections in the configuration file. These configuration settings use username and password authentication initially to get the device certificate from the EST server. The device certificate is used to authenticate to the EST server for future certificate renewals.

    Replace the following placeholder text: <DPS-ID-SCOPE> with the ID Scope of the DPS linked to the IoT Hub containing the registered device, and myiotedgedevice with the device ID registered in Azure IoT Hub. You can find the ID Scope value on the DPS Overview page.

    Bash 
    # DPS provisioning with X.509 certificate
# Replace with ID Scope from your DPS
[provisioning]
source = "dps"
global_endpoint = "https://global.azure-devices-provisioning.net"
id_scope = "<DPS-ID-SCOPE>"

[provisioning.attestation]
method = "x509"
registration_id = "myiotedgedevice"

[provisioning.attestation.identity_cert]
method = "est"
common_name = "myiotedgedevice"

# Auto renewal settings for the identity cert
# Available only from IoT Edge 1.3 and above
[provisioning.attestation.identity_cert.auto_renew]
rotate_key = false
threshold = "80%"
retry = "4%"

# Trusted root CA certificate in the global EST options
# Optional if the EST server's TLS certificate is already trusted by the system's CA certificates.
[cert_issuance.est]
    trusted_certs = [
        "file:///var/aziot/certs/cacert.crt.pem",
    ]

# The default username and password for libest
# Used for initial authentication to EST server
#
# Not recommended for production
[cert_issuance.est.auth]
username = "estuser"
password = "estpwd"

[cert_issuance.est.urls]
default = "https://localhost:8085/.well-known/est"

    Note

    In this example, IoT Edge uses username and password to authenticate to the EST server every time it needs to obtain a certificate. This method isn't recommended in production because 1) it requires storing a secret in plaintext and 2) IoT Edge should use an identity certificate to authenticate to the EST server too. To modify for production:

    1. Consider using long-lived bootstrap certificates that can be stored onto the device during manufacturing similar to the recommended approach for DPS. To see how to configure bootstrap certificate for EST server, see Authenticate a Device Using Certificates Issued Dynamically via EST.
    2. Configure [cert_issuance.est.identity_auto_renew] using the same syntax as the provisioning certificate auto-renew configuration above.

    This way, IoT Edge certificate service uses the bootstrap certificate for initial authentication with EST server, and requests an identity certificate for future EST requests to the same server. If, for some reason, the EST identity certificate expires before renewal, IoT Edge falls back to using the bootstrap certificate.

  3. Run sudo iotedge config apply to apply the new settings.

  4. Run sudo iotedge check to verify your IoT Edge device configuration. All configuration checks should succeed. For this tutorial, you can ignore production readiness errors and warnings, DNS server warnings, and connectivity checks.

  5. Navigate to your device in IoT Hub. Certificate thumbprints have been added to the device automatically using DPS and the EST server.

    A screenshot of IoT Hub device settings in the Azure portal. Certificate thumbprints fields show values.

    Note

    When you create a new IoT Edge device, it displays the status code 417 -- The device's deployment configuration is not set in the Azure portal. This status is normal, and means that the device is ready to receive a module deployment.

Test certificate renewal

You can immediately reissue the device identity certificates by removing the existing certificates and keys from the device and then applying the IoT Edge configuration. IoT Edge detects the missing files and requests new certificates.

  1. On the IoT Edge device, stop the IoT Edge runtime.

    Bash 
    sudo iotedge system stop

  2. Delete the existing certificates and keys.

    Bash 
    sudo sh -c "rm /var/lib/aziot/certd/certs/*"
sudo sh -c "rm /var/lib/aziot/keyd/keys/*"

  3. Apply the IoT Edge configuration to renew certificates.

    Bash 
    sudo iotedge config apply

    You may need to wait a few minutes for the runtime to start.

  4. Navigate to your device in IoT Hub. Certificate thumbprints have been updated.

    A screenshot of IoT Hub device settings in the Azure portal. Certificate thumbprints fields show new values.

  5. List the certificate files using the command sudo ls -l /var/lib/aziot/certd/certs. You should see recent creation dates for the device certificate files.

  6. Use the openssl command to check the new certificate contents. For example:

    Bash 
    sudo openssl x509 -in /var/lib/aziot/certd/certs/deviceid-bd732105ef89cf8edd2606a5309c8a26b7b5599a4e124a0fe6199b6b2f60e655.cer -text -noout

    Replace the device certificate file name (.cer) with your device's certificate file.

    You should notice the certificate Validity date range has changed.

The following are optional other ways you can test certificate renewal. These checks demonstrate how IoT Edge renews certificates from the EST server when they expire or are missing. After each test, you can verify new thumbprints in the Azure portal and use openssl command to verify the new certificate.

  1. Try waiting a day for the certificate to expire. The test EST server is configured to create certificates that expire after one day. IoT Edge automatically renews the certificate.
  2. Try adjusting the percentage in threshold for auto renewal set in config.toml (currently set to 80% in the example configuration). For example, set it to 10% and observe the certificate renewal every ~2 hours.
  3. Try adjusting the threshold to an integer followed by m (minutes). For example, set it to 60m and observe certificate renewal 1 hours before expiry.

Clean up resources

You can keep the resources and configurations that you created in this tutorial and reuse them. Otherwise, you can delete the local configurations and the Azure resources that you used in this article to avoid charges.

Delete Azure resources

Deleting Azure resources and resource groups is irreversible. Make sure that you don't accidentally delete the wrong resource group or resources. If you created the IoT hub inside an existing resource group that has resources that you want to keep, delete only the IoT hub resource itself, not the resource group.

To delete the resources:

  1. Sign in to the Azure portal, and then select Resource groups.

  2. Select the name of the resource group that contains your IoT Edge test resources.

  3. Review the list of resources that your resource group contains. If you want to delete all of them, you can select Delete resource group. If you want to delete only some of them, you can select each resource to delete them individually.

Next steps