How to: Hook up a delegate using reflection

Article
03/30/2024

When you use reflection to load and run assemblies, you can't use language features like the C# += operator or the Visual Basic AddHandler statement to hook up events. The following procedures show how to hook up an existing method to an event by getting all the necessary types through reflection, and how to create a dynamic method using reflection emit and hook it up to an event.

Note

For another way to hook up an event-handling delegate, see the code example for the AddEventHandler method of the EventInfo class.

To hook up a delegate using reflection

Load an assembly that contains a type that raises events. Assemblies are usually loaded with the Assembly.Load method. To keep this example simple, a derived form in the current assembly is used, so the GetExecutingAssembly method is used to load the current assembly.
```
Assembly^ assem = Example::typeid->Assembly;
```
```
Assembly assem = typeof(Example).Assembly;
```
```
Dim assem As Assembly = GetType(Example).Assembly
```
Get a Type object representing the type, and create an instance of the type. The CreateInstance(Type) method is used in the following code because the form has a parameterless constructor. There are several other overloads of the CreateInstance method that you can use if the type you are creating does not have a parameterless constructor. The new instance is stored as type Object to maintain the fiction that nothing is known about the assembly. (Reflection allows you to get the types in an assembly without knowing their names in advance.)
```
Type^ tExForm = assem->GetType("ExampleForm");
Object^ exFormAsObj = Activator::CreateInstance(tExForm);
```
```
Type tExForm = assem.GetType("ExampleForm");
Object exFormAsObj = Activator.CreateInstance(tExForm);
```
```
Dim tExForm As Type = assem.GetType("ExampleForm")
Dim exFormAsObj As Object = _
    Activator.CreateInstance(tExForm)
```

Get an EventInfo object representing the event, and use the EventHandlerType property to get the type of delegate used to handle the event. In the following code, an EventInfo for the Click event is obtained.

EventInfo^ evClick = tExForm->GetEvent("Click");
Type^ tDelegate = evClick->EventHandlerType;

EventInfo evClick = tExForm.GetEvent("Click");
Type tDelegate = evClick.EventHandlerType;

Dim evClick As EventInfo = tExForm.GetEvent("Click")
Dim tDelegate As Type = evClick.EventHandlerType

Get a MethodInfo object representing the method that handles the event. The complete program code in the Example section later in this article contains a method that matches the signature of the EventHandler delegate, which handles the Click event, but you can also generate dynamic methods at run time. For details, see the accompanying procedure, for generating an event handler at run time by using a dynamic method.
```
MethodInfo^ miHandler =
    Type::GetType("Example")->GetMethod("LuckyHandler",
        BindingFlags::NonPublic | BindingFlags::Instance);
```
```
MethodInfo miHandler =
    typeof(Example).GetMethod("LuckyHandler",
        BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
```
```
Dim miHandler As MethodInfo = _
    GetType(Example).GetMethod("LuckyHandler", _
        BindingFlags.NonPublic Or BindingFlags.Instance)
```
Create an instance of the delegate, using the CreateDelegate method. This method is static (Shared in Visual Basic), so the delegate type must be supplied. Using the overloads of CreateDelegate that take a MethodInfo is recommended.
```
Delegate^ d = Delegate::CreateDelegate(tDelegate, this, miHandler);
```
```
Delegate d = Delegate.CreateDelegate(tDelegate, this, miHandler);
```
```
Dim d As [Delegate] = _
    [Delegate].CreateDelegate(tDelegate, Me, miHandler)
```
Get the add accessor method and invoke it to hook up the event. All events have an add accessor and a remove accessor, which are hidden by the syntax of high-level languages. For example, C# uses the += operator to hook up events, and Visual Basic uses the AddHandler statement. The following code gets the add accessor of the Click event and invokes it late-bound, passing in the delegate instance. The arguments must be passed as an array.
```
MethodInfo^ addHandler = evClick->GetAddMethod();
array<Object^>^ addHandlerArgs = { d };
addHandler->Invoke(exFormAsObj, addHandlerArgs);
```
```
MethodInfo addHandler = evClick.GetAddMethod();
Object[] addHandlerArgs = { d };
addHandler.Invoke(exFormAsObj, addHandlerArgs);
```
```
Dim miAddHandler As MethodInfo = evClick.GetAddMethod()
Dim addHandlerArgs() As Object = {d}
miAddHandler.Invoke(exFormAsObj, addHandlerArgs)
```
Test the event. The following code shows the form defined in the code example. Clicking the form invokes the event handler.
```
Application::Run((Form^) exFormAsObj);
```
```
Application.Run((Form) exFormAsObj);
```
```
Application.Run(CType(exFormAsObj, Form))
```

Generate an event handler at run time by using a dynamic method

Event-handler methods can be generated at run time, using lightweight dynamic methods and reflection emit. To construct an event handler, you need the return type and parameter types of the delegate. These can be obtained by examining the delegate's Invoke method. The following code uses the GetDelegateReturnType and GetDelegateParameterTypes methods to obtain this information. The code for these methods can be found in the Example section later in this article.

It is not necessary to name a DynamicMethod, so the empty string can be used. In the following code, the last argument associates the dynamic method with the current type, giving the delegate access to all the public and private members of the Example class.

Type^ returnType = GetDelegateReturnType(tDelegate);
if (returnType != void::typeid)
    throw gcnew ApplicationException("Delegate has a return type.");
    
DynamicMethod^ handler =
    gcnew DynamicMethod("",
                      nullptr,
                      GetDelegateParameterTypes(tDelegate),
                      Example::typeid);

Type returnType = GetDelegateReturnType(tDelegate);
if (returnType != typeof(void))
    throw new ArgumentException("Delegate has a return type.", nameof(d));

DynamicMethod handler =
    new DynamicMethod("",
                      null,
                      GetDelegateParameterTypes(tDelegate),
                      typeof(Example));

Dim returnType As Type = GetDelegateReturnType(tDelegate)
If returnType IsNot GetType(Void) Then
    Throw New ArgumentException("Delegate has a return type.", NameOf(d))
End If

Dim handler As New DynamicMethod( _
    "", _
    Nothing, _
    GetDelegateParameterTypes(tDelegate), _
    GetType(Example) _
)

Generate a method body. This method loads a string, calls the overload of the MessageBox.Show method that takes a string, pops the return value off the stack (because the handler has no return type), and returns. To learn more about emitting dynamic methods, see How to: Define and Execute Dynamic Methods.

ILGenerator^ ilgen = handler->GetILGenerator();

array<Type^>^ showParameters = { String::typeid };
MethodInfo^ simpleShow =
    MessageBox::typeid->GetMethod("Show", showParameters);

ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ldstr,
    "This event handler was constructed at run time.");
ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Call, simpleShow);
ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Pop);
ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ret);

ILGenerator ilgen = handler.GetILGenerator();

Type[] showParameters = { typeof(String) };
MethodInfo simpleShow =
    typeof(MessageBox).GetMethod("Show", showParameters);

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldstr,
    "This event handler was constructed at run time.");
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, simpleShow);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Pop);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);

Dim ilgen As ILGenerator = handler.GetILGenerator()

Dim showParameters As Type() = {GetType(String)}
Dim simpleShow As MethodInfo = _
    GetType(MessageBox).GetMethod("Show", showParameters)

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldstr, _
    "This event handler was constructed at run time.")
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, simpleShow)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Pop)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret)

Complete the dynamic method by calling its CreateDelegate method. Use the add accessor to add the delegate to the invocation list for the event.

Delegate^ dEmitted = handler->CreateDelegate(tDelegate);
addHandler->Invoke(exFormAsObj, gcnew array<Object^> { dEmitted });

Delegate dEmitted = handler.CreateDelegate(tDelegate);
addHandler.Invoke(exFormAsObj, new Object[] { dEmitted });

Dim dEmitted As [Delegate] = handler.CreateDelegate(tDelegate)
miAddHandler.Invoke(exFormAsObj, New Object() {dEmitted})

Test the event. The following code loads the form defined in the code example. Clicking the form invokes both the predefined event handler and the emitted event handler.
```
Application::Run((Form^) exFormAsObj);
```
```
Application.Run((Form) exFormAsObj);
```
```
Application.Run(CType(exFormAsObj, Form))
```

Example

The following code example shows how to hook up an existing method to an event using reflection, and also how to use the DynamicMethod class to emit a method at run time and hook it up to an event.

#using <System.dll>
#using <System.Windows.Forms.dll>

using namespace System;
using namespace System::Reflection;
using namespace System::Reflection::Emit;
using namespace System::Windows::Forms;

public ref class ExampleForm : public Form
{
public:
    ExampleForm() : Form()
    {
        this->Text = "Click me";
    }
};

public ref class Example
{
public:
    static void Main()
    {
        Example^ ex = gcnew Example();
        ex->HookUpDelegate();
    }

private:
    void HookUpDelegate()
    {
        // Load an assembly, for example using the Assembly.Load
        // method. In this case, the executing assembly is loaded, to
        // keep the demonstration simple.
        //
        Assembly^ assem = Example::typeid->Assembly;

        // Get the type that is to be loaded, and create an instance
        // of it. Activator::CreateInstance has other overloads, if
        // the type lacks a default constructor. The new instance
        // is stored as type Object, to maintain the fiction that
        // nothing is known about the assembly. (Note that you can
        // get the types in an assembly without knowing their names
        // in advance.)
        //
        Type^ tExForm = assem->GetType("ExampleForm");
        Object^ exFormAsObj = Activator::CreateInstance(tExForm);

        // Get an EventInfo representing the Click event, and get the
        // type of delegate that handles the event.
        //
        EventInfo^ evClick = tExForm->GetEvent("Click");
        Type^ tDelegate = evClick->EventHandlerType;

        // If you already have a method with the correct signature,
        // you can simply get a MethodInfo for it. 
        //
        MethodInfo^ miHandler =
            Type::GetType("Example")->GetMethod("LuckyHandler",
                BindingFlags::NonPublic | BindingFlags::Instance);
            
        // Create an instance of the delegate. Using the overloads
        // of CreateDelegate that take MethodInfo is recommended.
        //
        Delegate^ d = Delegate::CreateDelegate(tDelegate, this, miHandler);

        // Get the "add" accessor of the event and invoke it late-
        // bound, passing in the delegate instance. This is equivalent
        // to using the += operator in C#, or AddHandler in Visual
        // Basic. The instance on which the "add" accessor is invoked
        // is the form; the arguments must be passed as an array.
        //
        MethodInfo^ addHandler = evClick->GetAddMethod();
        array<Object^>^ addHandlerArgs = { d };
        addHandler->Invoke(exFormAsObj, addHandlerArgs);

        // Event handler methods can also be generated at run time,
        // using lightweight dynamic methods and Reflection.Emit.
        // To construct an event handler, you need the return type
        // and parameter types of the delegate. These can be obtained
        // by examining the delegate's Invoke method. 
        //
        // It is not necessary to name dynamic methods, so the empty 
        // string can be used. The last argument associates the 
        // dynamic method with the current type, giving the delegate
        // access to all the public and private members of Example,
        // as if it were an instance method.
        //
        Type^ returnType = GetDelegateReturnType(tDelegate);
        if (returnType != void::typeid)
            throw gcnew ApplicationException("Delegate has a return type.");
            
        DynamicMethod^ handler =
            gcnew DynamicMethod("",
                              nullptr,
                              GetDelegateParameterTypes(tDelegate),
                              Example::typeid);

        // Generate a method body. This method loads a string, calls 
        // the Show method overload that takes a string, pops the
        // return value off the stack (because the handler has no
        // return type), and returns.
        //
        ILGenerator^ ilgen = handler->GetILGenerator();

        array<Type^>^ showParameters = { String::typeid };
        MethodInfo^ simpleShow =
            MessageBox::typeid->GetMethod("Show", showParameters);

        ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ldstr,
            "This event handler was constructed at run time.");
        ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Call, simpleShow);
        ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Pop);
        ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ret);

        // Complete the dynamic method by calling its CreateDelegate
        // method. Use the "add" accessor to add the delegate to
        // the invocation list for the event.
        //
        Delegate^ dEmitted = handler->CreateDelegate(tDelegate);
        addHandler->Invoke(exFormAsObj, gcnew array<Object^> { dEmitted });

        // Show the form. Clicking on the form causes the two
        // delegates to be invoked.
        //
        Application::Run((Form^) exFormAsObj);
    }

    void LuckyHandler(Object^ sender, EventArgs^ e)
    {
        MessageBox::Show("This event handler just happened to be lying around.");
    }

    array<Type^>^ GetDelegateParameterTypes(Type^ d)
    {
        if (d->BaseType != MulticastDelegate::typeid)
            throw gcnew ApplicationException("Not a delegate.");

        MethodInfo^ invoke = d->GetMethod("Invoke");
        if (invoke == nullptr)
            throw gcnew ApplicationException("Not a delegate.");

        array<ParameterInfo^>^ parameters = invoke->GetParameters();
        array<Type^>^ typeParameters = gcnew array<Type^>(parameters->Length);
        for (int i = 0; i < parameters->Length; i++)
        {
            typeParameters[i] = parameters[i]->ParameterType;
        }
        return typeParameters;
    }

    Type^ GetDelegateReturnType(Type^ d)
    {
        if (d->BaseType != MulticastDelegate::typeid)
            throw gcnew ApplicationException("Not a delegate.");

        MethodInfo^ invoke = d->GetMethod("Invoke");
        if (invoke == nullptr)
            throw gcnew ApplicationException("Not a delegate.");

        return invoke->ReturnType;
    }
};

int main()
{
    Example::Main();
}

using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;
using System.Windows.Forms;

class ExampleForm : Form
{
    public ExampleForm() : base()
    {
        this.Text = "Click me";
    }
}

class Example
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Example ex = new Example();
        ex.HookUpDelegate();
    }

    private void HookUpDelegate()
    {
        // Load an assembly, for example using the Assembly.Load
        // method. In this case, the executing assembly is loaded, to
        // keep the demonstration simple.
        //
        Assembly assem = typeof(Example).Assembly;

        // Get the type that is to be loaded, and create an instance
        // of it. Activator.CreateInstance has other overloads, if
        // the type lacks a default constructor. The new instance
        // is stored as type Object, to maintain the fiction that
        // nothing is known about the assembly. (Note that you can
        // get the types in an assembly without knowing their names
        // in advance.)
        //
        Type tExForm = assem.GetType("ExampleForm");
        Object exFormAsObj = Activator.CreateInstance(tExForm);

        // Get an EventInfo representing the Click event, and get the
        // type of delegate that handles the event.
        //
        EventInfo evClick = tExForm.GetEvent("Click");
        Type tDelegate = evClick.EventHandlerType;

        // If you already have a method with the correct signature,
        // you can simply get a MethodInfo for it.
        //
        MethodInfo miHandler =
            typeof(Example).GetMethod("LuckyHandler",
                BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
            
        // Create an instance of the delegate. Using the overloads
        // of CreateDelegate that take MethodInfo is recommended.
        //
        Delegate d = Delegate.CreateDelegate(tDelegate, this, miHandler);

        // Get the "add" accessor of the event and invoke it late-
        // bound, passing in the delegate instance. This is equivalent
        // to using the += operator in C#, or AddHandler in Visual
        // Basic. The instance on which the "add" accessor is invoked
        // is the form; the arguments must be passed as an array.
        //
        MethodInfo addHandler = evClick.GetAddMethod();
        Object[] addHandlerArgs = { d };
        addHandler.Invoke(exFormAsObj, addHandlerArgs);

        // Event handler methods can also be generated at run time,
        // using lightweight dynamic methods and Reflection.Emit.
        // To construct an event handler, you need the return type
        // and parameter types of the delegate. These can be obtained
        // by examining the delegate's Invoke method.
        //
        // It is not necessary to name dynamic methods, so the empty
        // string can be used. The last argument associates the
        // dynamic method with the current type, giving the delegate
        // access to all the public and private members of Example,
        // as if it were an instance method.
        //
        Type returnType = GetDelegateReturnType(tDelegate);
        if (returnType != typeof(void))
            throw new ArgumentException("Delegate has a return type.", nameof(d));

        DynamicMethod handler =
            new DynamicMethod("",
                              null,
                              GetDelegateParameterTypes(tDelegate),
                              typeof(Example));

        // Generate a method body. This method loads a string, calls
        // the Show method overload that takes a string, pops the
        // return value off the stack (because the handler has no
        // return type), and returns.
        //
        ILGenerator ilgen = handler.GetILGenerator();

        Type[] showParameters = { typeof(String) };
        MethodInfo simpleShow =
            typeof(MessageBox).GetMethod("Show", showParameters);

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldstr,
            "This event handler was constructed at run time.");
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, simpleShow);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Pop);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);

        // Complete the dynamic method by calling its CreateDelegate
        // method. Use the "add" accessor to add the delegate to
        // the invocation list for the event.
        //
        Delegate dEmitted = handler.CreateDelegate(tDelegate);
        addHandler.Invoke(exFormAsObj, new Object[] { dEmitted });

        // Show the form. Clicking on the form causes the two
        // delegates to be invoked.
        //
        Application.Run((Form) exFormAsObj);
    }

    private void LuckyHandler(Object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        MessageBox.Show("This event handler just happened to be lying around.");
    }

    private Type[] GetDelegateParameterTypes(Type d)
    {
        if (d.BaseType != typeof(MulticastDelegate))
            throw new ArgumentException("Not a delegate.", nameof(d));

        MethodInfo invoke = d.GetMethod("Invoke");
        if (invoke == null)
            throw new ArgumentException("Not a delegate.", nameof(d));

        ParameterInfo[] parameters = invoke.GetParameters();
        Type[] typeParameters = new Type[parameters.Length];
        for (int i = 0; i < parameters.Length; i++)
        {
            typeParameters[i] = parameters[i].ParameterType;
        }
        return typeParameters;
    }

    private Type GetDelegateReturnType(Type d)
    {
        if (d.BaseType != typeof(MulticastDelegate))
            throw new ArgumentException("Not a delegate.", nameof(d));

        MethodInfo invoke = d.GetMethod("Invoke");
        if (invoke == null)
            throw new ArgumentException("Not a delegate.", nameof(d));

        return invoke.ReturnType;
    }
}

Imports System.Reflection
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Windows.Forms

Class ExampleForm
    Inherits Form

    Public Sub New()
        Me.Text = "Click me"

    End Sub
End Class

Class Example
    Public Shared Sub Main()
        Dim ex As New Example()
        ex.HookUpDelegate()
    End Sub

    Private Sub HookUpDelegate()
        ' Load an assembly, for example using the Assembly.Load
        ' method. In this case, the executing assembly is loaded, to
        ' keep the demonstration simple.
        '
        Dim assem As Assembly = GetType(Example).Assembly

        ' Get the type that is to be loaded, and create an instance 
        ' of it. Activator.CreateInstance also has an overload that
        ' takes an array of types representing the types of the 
        ' constructor parameters, if the type you are creating does
        ' not have a parameterless constructor. The new instance
        ' is stored as type Object, to maintain the fiction that 
        ' nothing is known about the assembly. (Note that you can
        ' get the types in an assembly without knowing their names
        ' in advance.)
        '
        Dim tExForm As Type = assem.GetType("ExampleForm")
        Dim exFormAsObj As Object = _
            Activator.CreateInstance(tExForm)

        ' Get an EventInfo representing the Click event, and get the
        ' type of delegate that handles the event.
        '
        Dim evClick As EventInfo = tExForm.GetEvent("Click")
        Dim tDelegate As Type = evClick.EventHandlerType

        ' If you already have a method with the correct signature,
        ' you can simply get a MethodInfo for it. 
        '
        Dim miHandler As MethodInfo = _
            GetType(Example).GetMethod("LuckyHandler", _
                BindingFlags.NonPublic Or BindingFlags.Instance)
        ' Create an instance of the delegate. Using the overloads
        ' of CreateDelegate that take MethodInfo is recommended.
        '
        Dim d As [Delegate] = _
            [Delegate].CreateDelegate(tDelegate, Me, miHandler)

        ' Get the "add" accessor of the event and invoke it late-
        ' bound, passing in the delegate instance. This is equivalent
        ' to using the += operator in C#, or AddHandler in Visual
        ' Basic. The instance on which the "add" accessor is invoked
        ' is the form; the arguments must be passed as an array.
        '
        Dim miAddHandler As MethodInfo = evClick.GetAddMethod()
        Dim addHandlerArgs() As Object = {d}
        miAddHandler.Invoke(exFormAsObj, addHandlerArgs)

        ' Event handler methods can also be generated at run time,
        ' using lightweight dynamic methods and Reflection.Emit. 
        ' To construct an event handler, you need the return type
        ' and parameter types of the delegate. These can be obtained
        ' by examining the delegate's Invoke method. 
        '
        ' It is not necessary to name dynamic methods, so the empty 
        ' string can be used. The last argument associates the 
        ' dynamic method with the current type, giving the delegate
        ' access to all the public and private members of Example,
        ' as if it were an instance method.
        '
        Dim returnType As Type = GetDelegateReturnType(tDelegate)
        If returnType IsNot GetType(Void) Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Delegate has a return type.", NameOf(d))
        End If

        Dim handler As New DynamicMethod( _
            "", _
            Nothing, _
            GetDelegateParameterTypes(tDelegate), _
            GetType(Example) _
        )

        ' Generate a method body. This method loads a string, calls 
        ' the Show method overload that takes a string, pops the 
        ' return value off the stack (because the handler has no
        ' return type), and returns.
        '
        Dim ilgen As ILGenerator = handler.GetILGenerator()

        Dim showParameters As Type() = {GetType(String)}
        Dim simpleShow As MethodInfo = _
            GetType(MessageBox).GetMethod("Show", showParameters)

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldstr, _
            "This event handler was constructed at run time.")
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, simpleShow)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Pop)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret)

        ' Complete the dynamic method by calling its CreateDelegate
        ' method. Use the "add" accessor to add the delegate to
        ' the invocation list for the event.
        '
        Dim dEmitted As [Delegate] = handler.CreateDelegate(tDelegate)
        miAddHandler.Invoke(exFormAsObj, New Object() {dEmitted})

        ' Show the form. Clicking on the form causes the two
        ' delegates to be invoked.
        '
        Application.Run(CType(exFormAsObj, Form))

    End Sub

    Private Sub LuckyHandler(ByVal sender As [Object], _
        ByVal e As EventArgs)

        MessageBox.Show("This event handler just happened to be lying around.")
    End Sub

    Private Function GetDelegateParameterTypes(ByVal d As Type) _
        As Type()

        If d.BaseType IsNot GetType(MulticastDelegate) Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Not a delegate.", NameOf(d))
        End If

        Dim invoke As MethodInfo = d.GetMethod("Invoke")
        If invoke Is Nothing Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Not a delegate.", NameOf(d))
        End If

        Dim parameters As ParameterInfo() = invoke.GetParameters()
        ' Dimension this array Length - 1, because VB adds an extra
        ' element to zero-based arrays.
        Dim typeParameters(parameters.Length - 1) As Type
        For i As Integer = 0 To parameters.Length - 1
            typeParameters(i) = parameters(i).ParameterType
        Next i

        Return typeParameters

    End Function


    Private Function GetDelegateReturnType(ByVal d As Type) As Type

        If d.BaseType IsNot GetType(MulticastDelegate) Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Not a delegate.", NameOf(d))
        End If

        Dim invoke As MethodInfo = d.GetMethod("Invoke")
        If invoke Is Nothing Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Not a delegate.", NameOf(d))
        End If

        Return invoke.ReturnType

    End Function
End Class

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How to: Hook up a delegate using reflection

To hook up a delegate using reflection

Generate an event handler at run time by using a dynamic method

Example

See also

Additional resources