Configure accounting for billable projects

Applies To: Project Operations for resource/non-stocked based scenarios, Lite deployment - deal to proforma invoicing

Dynamics 365 Project Operations supports various accounting options for billable projects that include time and material and fixed price transactions.

• Time and material transactions: These transactions are invoiced as the work progresses based on the consumption of hours, expenses, items, or fees on the project. These transaction costs can be matched with the revenue on each transaction and the project is invoiced as work progresses. Project revenue can be also accrued at the time when the transaction occurs. During invoicing, revenue is recognized and if applicable, accrued revenue is reversed.
• Fixed-price transactions: These transactions are invoiced according to a billing schedule that is based on the project contract. Revenue for fixed price transactions can be recognized at invoicing or calculated and posted periodically, according to the Completed contract or Completed percentage methods.

A project is considered billable when it's associated with one or more contract lines. A project contract line defines for itself which billing method and transaction types are allowed.

As an example, Fabrikam Robotics has won a project contract with Adatum corporation for equipment optimization. Adatum pays a fixed amount of $10.000 USD to cover incurred project expenses. This is a fixed price billing method. Project time and fees is billed per use. This is a time and material billing method. All of the work is tracked under a single project named, Adatum equipment optimization.

A project team member submits eight hours of work on the Adatum equipment optimization project. When the project manager approves this time, the system uses the time and material billing method to create actuals transactions, an invoice, and an account. This transaction isn't included in the fixed price revenue estimate calculation.

Another project team member submits a travel expense for $2000.00 USD against the Adatum equipment optimization project. When the project manager approves this submission, the system uses a fixed price billing method to create actuals transactions and an account for this project expense. The customer isn't invoiced based on this transaction. Instead, they are invoiced by using separately configured billing milestones. This expense transaction, along with expense estimates, is included in the fixed price revenue estimate calculation.

Accounting principles for project transactions are defined in project cost and revenue profiles. For every project transaction, the system determines the appropriate project cost and revenue profile by using the project cost and revenue profile rules that have been configured.

Define project cost and revenue profiles

Project cost and revenue profiles determine the accounting rules for project transactions. These profiles are configured in Project management and accounting.

Complete the following steps to create a new project cost and revenue profile.

1. Go to Project management and accounting > Setup > Posting > Project cost and revenue profiles.

2. Select New to create a new project cost and revenue profile.

3. In the Name field, enter the name and a brief description of the profile.

4. In the Billing method field, select Time and material or Fixed price.

5. Expand the Ledger FastTab. The fields on this tab define the accounting principles that are used when project transactions are journalized using the Project Operations integration journal and then invoiced through the Project invoice proposal.

6. Select the appropriate information in the following fields on the Ledger FastTab:

   • Post costs – hour:

     • No Ledger: The cost for time transactions isn't posted to the Ledger when the Project Operations integration journal is posted. However, the accountant can post costs using the Post costs function at a later time.
     • Balance: The cost for time transactions is debited to the Ledger account type, WIP - Cost value and credited to the Payroll allocation account in Ledger posting setup. The accountant uses the Post costs function to move this cost from a Balance account to a Profit and loss account on a periodic basis.
     • Profit and loss: When posting the Project Operations integration journal, the time transaction cost is debited to the Ledger account type Cost, and credited to the Payroll allocation account defined on the Cost tab on the Ledger posting setup page (Project management and accounting > Setup > Posting > Ledger posting setup). This is most common setup for time and material transactions.
     • Never Ledger: The cost for time transactions are never posted to the Ledger.

   • Post costs – expense:

     • Balance: When posting the Project Operations integration journal, the expense transaction cost is debited to the Ledger account type WIP - Cost value as defined on the Cost tab on the Ledger posting setup page and credited to the offset account on the journal line. Default offset accounts for expense are defined in Project management and accounting > Setup > Posting > Default offset account for expenses. The accountant uses the Post costs function to move this cost from the balance account to the profit and loss account on a periodic basis.
     • Profit and loss: When posting the Project Operations integration journal, the expense transaction cost is debited to the Ledger account type Cost as defined on the Cost tab on the Ledger posting setup page and credited to the offset account on the journal line. Default offset accounts for expense are defined in Project management and accounting > Setup > Posting > Default offset account for expenses.

   • Post costs – item:

     • Balance: When posting the Project Operations Integration journal, the item transaction cost is debited to the Ledger account type WIP - Cost value - item as defined on the Cost tab on the Ledger posting setup page and credited to the following:

       • For document type usage: Cost - item account on the Ledger posting setup.
       • For document type purchase: Procurement integration account on the Project Management and accounting parameters. The accountant uses the Post costs function to move this cost from the balance account to the profit and loss account on a periodic basis.

     • Profit and loss: When posting the Project Operations Integration journal, the item transaction cost is debited to the Ledger account type Cost as defined on the Cost tab on the Ledger posting setup page and credited to the following:

       • For document type usage: Cost - item account on the Ledger posting setup.
       • For document type purchase: Procurement integration account on the Project Management and accounting parameters.

   • On account invoicing:

     • Balance: When posting the Project invoice proposal, an on-account transaction (billing milestone) is credited to the Ledger account type WIP Invoiced - on account as defined on the Revenue tab on the Ledger posting setup page, and debited to the Customer balance account.
     • Profit and loss: When posting the Project invoice proposal, an on-account transaction (billing milestone) is credited to the Ledger account type Invoiced revenue- on account as defined on the Revenue tab on the Ledger posting setup page, and debited to the Customer balance account. Customer balance accounts are defined in Accounts receivable > Setup > Customer posting profiles.

   When you define the posting profiles for Time and material billing methods, you have the option to accrue revenue per transaction type (hour, expense, item, and fee). If the Accrue revenue option is set to Yes, unbilled sales transactions in the Project Operations Integration journal is recorded to the general ledger. The sales value is debited to the WIP - sales value account and credited to the Accrued revenue - sales value account that was set up on the Ledger posting setup page on the Revenue tab.

Note

The option, Accrue revenue is available only when the respective transaction type Cost is posted to the profit and loss account.

7. Expand the Estimate FastTab. The fields on this tab define the calculation settings for fixed price revenue estimates. The fields on this tab only apply to Project cost and revenue profiles with a billing method of Fixed–price.

8. Select the appropriate information in the following fields on the Estimate FastTab:

   • Principle used for project completion calculations:

     • Completed contract: Cost matching and revenue recognition doesn't occur until the end of the project. Costs reflect as WIP in the balance until the project is complete.
     • Completed percentage: Accrued revenue is calculated and posted to the ledger every period based on the project completion percentage. There are multiple methods available to calculate percentage completion. These methods can be automatic based on configuration, or manual.
     • No WIP: This setup is used for fixed price projects with a short time span and where the invoice and the costs occur in the same period. In this case, the On-account invoicing field value on the Ledger FastTab is automatically set to Profit and loss to ensure revenue is recognized at invoicing. The Revenue estimation process isn't used for this project cost and revenue profile.

   • Matching principle: This field determines how the calculated sales value (accrued revenue) is posted to the ledger.

     • Using the Sales value principle, the system calculates the sales value by matching costs and revenue and then posting it as a single amount.
     • Using the Production and profit principle, the system splits the sales value into realized costs and calculated profit. These are posted separately.

   • Cost templates: Allow project transactions to be grouped based on transaction type and project category and define percentage completion calculation rules for these groups.

   • Period codes: Define the frequency with which revenue estimates are calculated for a given Project cost and revenue profile.

   • Categories for estimate: Used for sales value (accrued revenue) posting to Project transactions. First, configure the dedicated project category for a Fee transaction type and then set the flag, Estimate for this project category. Next, depending on selected matching principle, pick this project category in the Sales value or the Profit field in the Project cost and revenue profile.

Sample configurations for Project cost and revenue profiles

Time and materials – no WIP

Time and materials – WIP (revenue)

Fixed Price – No WIP

Fixed Price – completed contract

Fixed Price – percentage completion

Accounting event examples for sample Project cost and revenue profiles.

Accounting Event	Time and Material - No WIP	Time and Material - WIP	Fixed price – no WIP	Fixed price – Completed contract	Fixed Price – Completed percentage
Journalizing time transactions	Debit – Cost Credit –Payroll allocation	Debit - Cost Credit –Payroll Allocation Debit –WIP Sales value Credit –Accrued Revenue Sales Value	Debit – Cost Credit –Payroll allocation	Debit – Cost Credit – Payroll allocation	Debit – Cost Credit – Payroll allocation
Journalizing expense transactions	Debit – Cost Credit – Offset account for expense	Debit – Cost Credit – Offset account for expense Debit – WIP Sales value Credit –Accrued Revenue Sales Value	Debit –Cost Credit – Offset account for expense	Debit – Cost Credit – Offset account for expense	Debit – Cost Credit – Offset account for expense
Invoicing customer	Debit –Customer balance Credit –Invoiced revenue	Debit – Customer balance Credit – Invoiced revenue Credit – WIP Sales value Debit – Accrued Revenue Sales Value	Debit – Customer balance Credit – Invoiced revenue - on account	Debit –Customer balance Credit – WIP – Invoiced on account	Debit – Customer balance Credit – WIP - Invoiced on account
Post Revenue Estimate	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not Applicable	Debit – WIP Cost Value Credit –Cost	Debit - WIP - Sales value Credit – Accrued revenue Sales value
Eliminate	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not Applicable	Credit – WIP Cost Value Debit – Cost Credit – Accrued Revenue - Sales value Debit – WIP Invoiced on account	Debit – WIP – Invoiced on account Credit – WIP Sales value

Configure Project cost and revenue profile rules

Project cost and revenue profile rules determine the Project cost and revenue profile that must be used when processing any billable project transactions. Define the rules by going to Project management and accounting > Setup > Posting > Project cost and revenue profile rules.

Rules can be defined by project contract, project group, or by a specific project. The system always picks the highest granularity rule first.