Training
Module
Declare variable types in TypeScript - Training
Learn about the available types and how to associate them with variables.
This browser is no longer supported.
Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support.
A type value is a value that classifies other values. A value that is classified by a type is said to conform to that type. The M type system consists of the following kinds of types:
Primitive types, which classify primitive values (binary
, date
, datetime
, datetimezone
, duration
, list
, logical
, null
, number
, record
, text
, time
, type
) and also include a number of abstract types (function
, table
, any
, anynonnull
and none
)
Record types, which classify record values based on field names and value types
List types, which classify lists using a single item base type
Function types, which classify function values based on the types of their parameters and return values
Table types, which classify table values based on column names, column types, and keys
Nullable types, which classifies the value null in addition to all the values classified by a base type
Type types, which classify values that are types
The set of primitive types includes the types of primitive values, and a number of abstract types, which are types that do not uniquely classify any values: function
, table
, any
, anynonnull
and none
. All function values conform to the abstract type function
, all table values to the abstract type table
, all values to the abstract type any
, all non-null values to the abstract type anynonnull
, and no values to the abstract type none
. An expression of type none
must raise an error or fail to terminate since no value could be produced that conforms to type none
. Note that the primitive types function
and table
are abstract because no function or table is directly of those types, respectively. The primitive types record
and list
are non-abstract because they represent an open record with no defined fields and a list of type any, respectively.
All types that are not members of the closed set of primitive types plus their nullable counterparts are collectively referred to as custom types. Custom types can be written using a type-expression
:
type-expression:
primary-expression
type
primary-type
type:
primary-expression
primary-type
primary-type:
primitive-type
record-type
list-type
function-type
table-type
nullable-type
primitive-type: one of
any anynonnull binary date datetime datetimezone duration function list logical
none null number record table text time type
The primitive-type names are contextual keywords recognized only in a type context. The use of parentheses in a type context moves the grammar back to a regular expression context, requiring the use of the type keyword to move back into a type context. For example, to invoke a function in a type context, parentheses can be used:
type nullable ( Type.ForList({type number}) )
// type nullable {number}
Parentheses can also be used to access a variable whose name collides with a primitive-type name:
let record = type [ A = any ] in type {(record)}
// type {[ A = any ]}
The following example defines a type that classifies a list of numbers:
type { number }
Similarly, the following example defines a custom type that classifies records with mandatory fields named X
and Y
whose values are numbers:
type [ X = number, Y = number ]
The ascribed type of a value is obtained using the standard library function Value.Type, as shown in the following examples:
Value.Type( 2 ) // type number
Value.Type( {2} ) // type list
Value.Type( [ X = 1, Y = 2 ] ) // type record
The is
operator is used to determine whether a value's type is compatible with a given type, as shown in the following examples:
1 is number // true
1 is text // false
{2} is list // true
The as
operator checks if the value is compatible with the given type, and raises an error if it is not. Otherwise, it returns the original value.
Value.Type( 1 as number ) // type number
{2} as text // error, type mismatch
Note that the is
and as
operators only accept nullable primitive types as their right operand. M does not provide means to check values for conformance to custom types.
A type X
is compatible with a type Y
if and only if all values that conform to X
also conform to Y
. All types are compatible with type any
and no types (but none
itself) are compatible with type none
. The following graph shows the compatibility relation. (Type compatibility is reflexive and transitive. It forms a lattice with type any
as the top and type none
as the bottom value.) The names of abstract types are set in italics.
The following operators are defined for type values:
Operator | Result |
---|---|
x = y |
Equal |
x <> y |
Not equal |
x ?? y |
Coalesce |
The native type of type values is the intrinsic type type
.
Types in the M language form a disjoint hierarchy rooted at type any
, which is the type that classifies all values. Any M value conforms to exactly one primitive subtype of any
. The closed set of primitive types deriving from type any
are as follows:
type null
, which classifies the null value.type logical
, which classifies the values true and false.type number
, which classifies number values.type time
, which classifies time values.type date
, which classifies date values.type datetime
, which classifies datetime values.type datetimezone
, which classifies datetimezone values.type duration
, which classifies duration values.type text
, which classifies text values.type binary
, which classifies binary values.type type
, which classifies type values.type list
, which classifies list values.type record
, which classifies record values.type table
, which classifies table values.type function
, which classifies function values.type anynonnull
, which classifies all values excluding null.type none
, which classifies no values.The type any
is abstract, classifies all values in M, and all types in M are compatible with any
. Variables of type any
can be bound to all possible values. Since any
is abstract, it cannot be ascribed to values—that is, no value is directly of type any
.
Any value that is a list conforms to the intrinsic type list
, which does not place any restrictions on the items within a list value.
list-type:
{
item-type }
item-type:
type
The result of evaluating a list-type is a list type value whose base type is list
.
The following examples illustrate the syntax for declaring homogeneous list types:
type { number } // list of numbers type
{ record } // list of records type
{{ text }} // list of lists of text values
A value conforms to a list type if the value is a list and each item in that list value conforms to the list type's item type.
The item type of a list type indicates a bound: all items of a conforming list conform to the item type.
Any value that is a record conforms to the intrinsic type record, which does not place any restrictions on the field names or values within a record value. A record-type value is used to restrict the set of valid names as well as the types of values that are permitted to be associated with those names.
record-type:
[
open-record-marker ]
[
field-specification-listopt ]
[
field-specification-list , open-record-marker ]
field-specification-list:
field-specification
field-specification ,
field-specification-list
field-specification:
optional
opt field-name field-type-specificationopt
field-type-specification:
=
field-type
field-type:
type
open-record-marker:
...
The result of evaluating a record-type is a type value whose base type is record
.
The following examples illustrate the syntax for declaring record types:
type [ X = number, Y = number]
type [ Name = text, Age = number ]
type [ Title = text, optional Description = text ]
type [ Name = text, ... ]
Record types are closed by default, meaning that additional fields not present in the fieldspecification-list are not allowed to be present in conforming values. Including the openrecord-marker in the record type declares the type to be open, which permits fields not present in the field specification list. The following two expressions are equivalent:
type record // primitive type classifying all records
type [ ... ] // custom type classifying all records
A value conforms to a record type if the value is a record and each field specification in the record type is satisfied. A field specification is satisfied if any of the following are true:
A field name matching the specification's identifier exists in the record and the associated value conforms to the specification's type
The specification is marked as optional and no corresponding field name is found in the record
A conforming value may contain field names not listed in the field specification list if and only if the record type is open.
Any function value conforms to the primitive type function
, which does not place any restrictions on the types of the function's formal parameters or the function's return value. A custom function-type value is used to place type restrictions on the signatures of conformant function values.
function-type:
function (
parameter-specification-listopt )
function-return-type
parameter-specification-list:
required-parameter-specification-list
required-parameter-specification-list ,
optional-parameter-specification-list
optional-parameter-specification-list
required-parameter-specification-list:
required-parameter-specification
required-parameter-specification ,
required-parameter-specification-list
required-parameter-specification:
parameter-specification
optional-parameter-specification-list:
optional-parameter-specification
optional-parameter-specification ,
optional-parameter-specification-list
optional-parameter-specification:
optional
parameter-specification
parameter-specification:
parameter-name parameter-type
function-return-type:
assertion
assertion:
as
nullable-primitive-type
The result of evaluating a function-type is a type value whose base type is function
.
The following examples illustrate the syntax for declaring function types:
type function (x as text) as number
type function (y as number, optional z as text) as any
A function value conforms to a function type if the return type of the function value is compatible with the function type's return type and each parameter specification of the function type is compatible to the positionally corresponding formal parameter of the function. A parameter specification is compatible with a formal parameter if the specified parameter-type type is compatible with the type of the formal parameter and the parameter specification is optional if the formal parameter is optional.
Formal parameter names are ignored for the purposes of determining function type conformance.
Specifying a parameter as optional implicitly makes its type nullable. The following create identical function types:
type function (optional x as text) as any
type function (optional x as nullable text) as any
A table-type value is used to define the structure of a table value.
table-type:
table
row-type
row-type:
[
field-specification-listopt ]
The result of evaluating a table-type is a type value whose base type is table
.
The row type of a table specifies the column names and column types of the table as a closed record type. So that all table values conform to the type table
, its row type is type record
(the empty open record type). Thus, type table is abstract since no table value can have type table
's row type (but all table values have a row type that is compatible with type table
's row type). The following example shows the construction of a table type:
type table [A = text, B = number, C = binary]
// a table type with three columns named A, B, and C
// of column types text, number, and binary, respectively
A table-type value also carries the definition of a table value's keys. A key is a set of column names. At most one key can be designated as the table's primary key. (Within M, table keys have no semantic meaning. However, it is common for external data sources, such as databases or OData feeds, to define keys over tables. Power Query uses key information to improve performance of advanced functionality, such as cross-source join operations.)
The standard library functions Type.TableKeys
, Type.AddTableKey
, and Type.ReplaceTableKeys
can be used to obtain the keys of a table type, add a key to a table type, and replace all keys of a table type, respectively.
Type.AddTableKey(tableType, {"A", "B"}, false)
// add a non-primary key that combines values from columns A and B
Type.ReplaceTableKeys(tableType, {})
// returns type value with all keys removed
For any type T
, a nullable variant can be derived by using nullable-type:
nullable-type:
nullable
type
The result is an abstract type that allows values of type T or the value null
.
42 is nullable number // true null is
nullable number // true
Ascription of type nullable
T reduces to ascription of type null
or type
T. (Recall that nullable types are abstract and no value can be directly of abstract type.)
Value.Type(42 as nullable number) // type number
Value.Type(null as nullable number) // type null
The standard library functions Type.IsNullable
and Type.NonNullable
can be used to test a type for nullability and to remove nullability from a type.
The following hold (for any type T
):
type T
is compatible with type nullable T
Type.NonNullable(type T)
is compatible with type T
The following are pairwise equivalent (for any type T
):
type nullable any
any
Type.NonNullable(type any)
type anynonnull
type nullable none
type null
Type.NonNullable(type null)
type none
type nullable nullable T
type nullable T
Type.NonNullable(Type.NonNullable(type T))
Type.NonNullable(type T)
Type.NonNullable(type nullable T)
Type.NonNullable(type T)
type nullable (Type.NonNullable(type T))
type nullable T
A value's ascribed type is the type to which a value is declared to conform.
A value may be ascribed a type using the library function Value.ReplaceType
. This function either returns a new value with the type ascribed or raises an error if the new type is incompatible with the value.
When a value is ascribed a type, only a limited conformance check occurs:
Library functions may choose to compute and ascribe complex types to results based on the ascribed types of the input values.
The ascribed type of a value may be obtained using the library function Value.Type
. For example:
Value.Type( Value.ReplaceType( {1}, type {number} )
// type {number}
Type equivalence is not defined in M. An M implementation may optionally choose to use its own rules to perform equality comparisons between type values. Comparing two type values for equality should evaluate to true
if they are considered identical by the implementation, and false
otherwise. In either case, the response returned must be consistent if the same two values are repeatedly compared. Note that within a given implementation, comparing some identical type values (such as (type text) = (type text)
) may return true
, while comparing others (such as (type [a = text]) = (type [a = text])
) may not.
Compatibility between a given type and a nullable primitive type can be determined using the library function Type.Is
, which accepts an arbitrary type value as its first and a nullable primitive type value as its second argument:
Type.Is(type text, type nullable text) // true
Type.Is(type nullable text, type text) // false
Type.Is(type number, type text) // false
Type.Is(type [a=any], type record) // true
Type.Is(type [a=any], type list) // false
There is no support in M for determining compatibility of a given type with a custom type.
The standard library does include a collection of functions to extract the defining characteristics from a custom type, so specific compatibility tests can be implemented as M expressions. Below are some examples; consult the M library specification for full details.
Type.ListItem( type {number} )
// type number
Type.NonNullable( type nullable text )
// type text
Type.RecordFields( type [A=text, B=time] )
// [ A = [Type = type text, Optional = false],
// B = [Type = type time, Optional = false] ]
Type.TableRow( type table [X=number, Y=date] )
// type [X = number, Y = date]
Type.FunctionParameters(
type function (x as number, optional y as text) as number)
// [ x = type number, y = type nullable text ]
Type.FunctionRequiredParameters(
type function (x as number, optional y as text) as number)
// 1
Type.FunctionReturn(
type function (x as number, optional y as text) as number)
// type number
Training
Module
Declare variable types in TypeScript - Training
Learn about the available types and how to associate them with variables.