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Running commands in the shell

PowerShell is a command-line shell and a scripting language used for automation. Similar to other shells, like bash on Linux or the Windows Command Shell (cmd.exe), PowerShell lets you run any command available on your system, not just PowerShell commands.

Types of commands

For any shell in any operating system there are three types of commands:

  • Shell language keywords are part of the shell's scripting language.

    • Examples of bash keywords include: if, then, else, elif, and fi.
    • Examples of cmd.exe keywords include: dir, copy, move, if, and echo.
    • Examples of PowerShell keywords include: for, foreach, try, catch, and trap.

    Shell language keywords can only be used within the runtime environment of the shell. There's no executable file, external to the shell, that provides the keyword's functionality.

  • OS-native commands are executable files installed in the operating system. The executables can be run from any command-line shell, like PowerShell. This includes script files that require other shells to work properly. For example, if you run a Windows batch script (.cmd file) in PowerShell, PowerShell runs cmd.exe and passes in the batch file for execution.

  • Shell environment-specific commands are commands defined in external files that can only be used within the runtime environment of the shell. This include scripts, functions, and modules that add commands to the shell runtime. In PowerShell, these commands added by a module are known as cmdlets (pronounced "command-lets").

Running native commands

Any native command can be run from the PowerShell command line. Usually you run the command exactly as you would in bash or cmd.exe. The following example shows running the grep command in bash on Ubuntu Linux.

sdwheeler@circumflex:~$ grep sdwheeler /etc/passwd
sdwheeler:x:1000:1000:,,,:/home/sdwheeler:/bin/bash
sdwheeler@circumflex:~$ pwsh
PowerShell 7.2.6
Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.

https://aka.ms/powershell
Type 'help' to get help.

After starting PowerShell on Ubuntu, you can run the same command from the PowerShell command line:

PS /home/sdwheeler> grep sdwheeler /etc/passwd
sdwheeler:x:1000:1000:,,,:/home/sdwheeler:/bin/bash

Passing arguments to native commands

Most shells include features for using variables, evaluating expressions, and handling strings. But each shell does these things differently. In PowerShell, all parameters start with a hyphen (-) character. In cmd.exe, most command parameters use a forward slash (/) character. Other command-line tools might use spaces, hyphens, double-dash (--).

Each shell has its own way of handling and evaluating strings on the command line. When running native commands in PowerShell that expect strings to be quoted in a specific way, you might need to adjust how you pass those strings.

For more information, see the following articles:

PowerShell 7.2 introduced a new experimental feature PSNativeCommandArgumentPassing that improved native command handling. For more information, see $PSNativeCommandArgumentPassing.

Handling output and errors

PowerShell also has several more output streams than other shells. The bash and cmd.exe shells have stdout and stderr. PowerShell has six output streams. For more information, see about_Redirection and about_Output_Streams.

In general, the output sent to stdout by a native command is sent to the Success stream in PowerShell. Output sent to stderr by a native command is sent to the Error stream in PowerShell.

When a native command has a nonzero exit code, $? is set to $false. If the exit code is zero, $? is set to $true.

However, PowerShell 7.2 changed this behavior. Error records redirected from native commands, like when using redirection operators (2>&1), aren't written to PowerShell's $Error variable and the preference variable $ErrorActionPreference doesn't affect the redirected output.

Many native commands write to stderr as an alternative stream for additional information. This behavior can cause confusion in PowerShell when looking through errors and the additional output information can be lost if $ErrorActionPreference is set to a state that mutes the output.

PowerShell 7.3 added a new experimental feature PSNativeCommandErrorActionPreference that allows you to control how you handle non-zero exit codes from native commands. For more information, see $PSNativeCommandUseErrorActionPreference.

Running PowerShell commands

As previously noted, PowerShell commands are known as cmdlets. Cmdlets are collected into PowerShell modules that can be loaded on demand. Cmdlets can be written in any compiled .NET language or using the PowerShell scripting language itself.

PowerShell commands that run other commands

The PowerShell call operator (&) lets you run commands that are stored in variables and represented by strings or script blocks. You can use the operator to run any native command or PowerShell command. This is useful in a script when you need to dynamically construct the command-line parameters for a native command. For more information, see the call operator.

The Start-Process cmdlet can be used to run native commands, but should only be used when you need to control how the command is executed. The cmdlet has parameters to support the following scenarios:

  • Run a command using different credentials
  • Hide the console window created by the new process
  • Redirect stdin, stdout, and stderr streams
  • Use a different working directory for the command

The following example runs the native command sort.exe with redirected input and output streams.

$processOptions = @{
    FilePath = "sort.exe"
    RedirectStandardInput = "TestSort.txt"
    RedirectStandardOutput = "Sorted.txt"
    RedirectStandardError = "SortError.txt"
    UseNewEnvironment = $true
}
Start-Process @processOptions

For more information, see Start-Process.

On Windows, the Invoke-Item cmdlet performs the default action for the specified item. For example, it runs an executable file or opens a document file using the application associated with the document file type. The default action depends on the type of item and the PowerShell provider that provides access to the item.

The following example opens the PowerShell source code repository in your default web browser.

Invoke-Item https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell

For more information, see Invoke-Item.

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