64-bit Applications

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When you compile an application, you can specify that it should run on a Windows 64-bit operating system either as a native application or under WOW64. WOW64 is a compatibility environment that enables a 32-bit application to run on a 64-bit system. WOW64 is included in the system.

Remarks

All applications that are built on the .NET Framework versions 1.0 or 1.1 are treated as 32-bit applications and are always executed under WOW64 on the 32-bit common language runtime (CLR) on a 64-bit operating system. In addition, 32-bit-specific applications that are built on the .NET Framework version 4 would run under WOW64 on 64-bit systems.

Visual Studio installs the 32-bit version of the CLR on an x86 computer, and both the 32-bit version and the appropriate 64-bit version of the CLR on a 64-bit Windows computer. (Because Visual Studio 2010 is a 32-bit application, when it is installed on a 64-bit system, it runs under WOW64.)

Note

Because of the design of x86 emulation and the WOW64 subsystem for the Itanium processor family, applications are restricted to execution on one processor. These factors reduce the performance and scalability of 32-bit .NET Framework applications that run on Itanium-based systems. We recommend that applications that use the .NET Framework 1.1 be used for interactive, client applications and not for applications that demand high performance or scalability, for example, high-load ASP.NET applications. If you can, use the .NET Framework version 4, which includes native 64-bit support for Itanium-based systems, for increased performance and scalability.

When you run a 64-bit managed application on a 64-bit Windows operating system, you can create an object of no more than 2 gigabytes (GB).

Many assemblies run identically on both the 32-bit CLR and the 64-bit CLR. However, some programs may behave differently, depending on the CLR, for one or more of the following reasons:

  • Structs that contain members that change size depending on the platform, for example, any pointer type.

  • Pointer arithmetic that includes constant sizes.

  • Incorrect platform invoke or COM declarations that use Int32 for handles instead of IntPtr.

  • Casting IntPtr to Int32.

For more information about how to port a 32-bit application to run on the 64-bit CLR, see Migrating 32-bit Managed Code to 64-bit on the MSDN website.

General 64-Bit Programming Information

For general information about 64-bit programming, see the following documents:

Compiler Support for Creating 64-Bit Applications

By default, when you use the .NET Framework 2.0 to build an application on either a 32-bit or a 64-bit computer, the application will run on a 64-bit computer as a native application (that is, not under WOW64). The following table lists documents that teach how to use Visual Studio compilers to create 64-bit applications that will run as native, under WOW64, or both.

Compiler

Compiler Option

Visual Basic

/platform (Visual Basic)

Visual C#

/platform (C# Compiler Options)

Visual C++

You can create platform-agnostic, Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) applications by using /clr:safe. For more information, see /clr (Common Language Runtime Compilation).

Visual C++ includes a separate compiler for each 64-bit operating system. For more information about how to use Visual C++ to create native applications that run on a 64-bit Windows operating system, see 64-Bit Programming with Visual C++.

JScript

/platform (Visual Studio - JScript)

Determining the Status of an .exe File or .dll File

To determine whether an .exe file or .dll file is meant to run only on a specific platform or under WOW64, use corflags.exe at the command prompt. You can also use corflags.exe to change the platform status of an .exe file or .dll file. For more information, see CorFlags.exe (CorFlags Conversion Tool). The CLR header (or COM+ Runtime header) of a Visual Studio assembly has the major runtime version number set to 2 and the minor runtime version number set to 5 (0 in Visual Studio .NET 2003 assemblies). Applications that have the minor runtime version set to 0 are treated as legacy applications and are always executed under WOW64.

To programmatically query an .exe or .dll to see whether it is meant to run only on a specific platform or under WOW64, use the GetPEKind method.