About Production Orders

Article
09/25/2013

Production orders are used to manage the conversion of purchased materials into manufactured items. Production orders (job or work orders) route work through various facilities (work or machine centers) on the shop floor.

Production orders are the central components of the program's manufacturing functionality and they contain the following information:

Products planned for manufacturing
Materials required for the planned production orders
Products that have just been manufactured
Materials that have already been selected
Products that have been manufactured in the past
Materials that were used in previous manufacturing operations

Production orders are the starting points for:

Planning future manufacturing
Controlling current manufacturing
Tracking of finished manufacturing

Production Order Creation

Production orders can be created on an order-by-order basis manually from the Production Order window, or generated from the Sales Order Planning and/or Order Planning window. Multiple orders are created from the Planning Worksheet window.

Production orders are created using information from:

Items
Production bills of material
Routings
Machine centers
Work centers

Limitations on Production Order Creation

Production orders are automatically reserved and tracked to their source when:

created from the Planning Worksheet
created with the order function in the Sales Order Planning window
created from the Order Planning window
using the Replan function on production orders

Production orders created through other means are not automatically reserved and tracked.

Production Order Status

The production order status controls how the production order behaves within the program. The form and content of the production are dictated by the order's status. The production orders are displayed in different windows according to their status. You cannot change the status of a production order manually; you must use the Change Status function.

Simulated Production Order

The Simulated Production Order is unique based on the following characteristics:

As its name implies, it is a simulation and its main purpose is for quoting and costing - such as when the Research and Development department wants to get a cost estimate on a proposed item. A simulated production order serves as an example of a production order.
It does not influence the planning of orders. Planning (MPS and MRP) neither considers nor is affected by simulated production orders. Also, a simulated production order cannot be used as a template because it disappears when you change its status.

Planned Production Order

The Planned Production Order is unique because of the following characteristics:

You can automatically create a planned production order from a sales order.
Planned production orders are like released production orders and provide input to capacity requirements planning by showing the total capacity requirements by work center or machine center.
A planned production order represents the best estimate of the future load for the work center or machine center load based on available information. Typically, they are generated from planning, but can also be created manually. Because they are erased during subsequent planning generations, manual creation is not practical.
Their generation in planning results in a suggested "planned order release" that includes quantity, release date, and due date. The planning system logic is based on the replenishment system, reorder policies, and order modifiers that it encounters in the net requirements planning process.
To view their impact, look at the load for each work center or machine center on the planned production order's routing.

Firm Planned Production Order

The Firm Planned Production Order is unique because of the following characteristics:

You can automatically create a firm planned production order from a sales order.
A firm planned production order acts as a placeholder in the planning schedule for some future job released to the floor.
A firm planned production order can be generated from planning or created manually or from sales orders. They are not erased during subsequent planning.
Their generation in planning results in a suggested "planned order release" that includes: quantity, release date, and due date. The planning system logic is based on the replenishment system, reorder policies, and order modifiers that it encounters in the net requirements planning process.
To view their impact, look at the load for each work center or machine center on the firm planned production order's routing.

Released Production Order

The Released Production Order is unique based on the following characteristics:

You can automatically create a released production order from a sales order.
When a production order has been released, it does not necessarily mean that materials have been picked or the job has physically moved to its first operation.
In a MTO (Make-to-Order) environment, it is not unusual to create a released production order immediately after the entry of the sales order.
Actual material consumption and product output can be recorded manually with a released production order. In addition, automatic flushing of consumption and product output only occurs for released production orders.

Finished Production Order

The Finished Production Order is unique based on the following characteristics:

A finished production order is typically one that has been manufactured.
Finishing the production order is an important task in completing the costing lifecycle of the item that is being produced. By finishing a production order, costing can be adjusted and reconciled.
Finished production orders are used for statistical reporting and to support the ability to track back to other orders (sales, production, and purchase, for example). The ability to track back to a finished production order allows you to review the detailed history.
Finished production orders can never be changed.

Production Order Execution

Once a production order has been created and scheduled, it has to be released to the shop floor to be executed. During execution of the order, you record:

materials picked or consumed
how much time was spent working on the order
quantity of the parent item produced

This information can be recorded manually or through automatic reporting, according to the items setup in the Flushing Method field.

Material Consumption

The program offers a variety of options for how a manufacturing company might want to record material consumption. For example, material consumption may be recorded manually, which might be desirable if there are frequent component substitutions or greater than expected scrap.

Consumption of materials may be processed through the Consumption Journal, but also may be recorded automatically by the program, known as automatic reporting. The reporting methods are:

Manual
Forward
Backward

Manual consumption reporting uses the Consumption Journal to specify material picking.

Forward consumption reporting assumes the expected quantity of all materials for the entire order is consumed at the release of a production order, unless using routing link codes. When using routing link codes, the material consumed after the start of the operational step is recorded in the Output Journal. To forward flush the entire production order, you need to do two things:

All items in the top-level production BOM need to have forward flushing selected on their respective item card.
All routing link codes on the production BOM must be removed.

Backward consumption reporting records the actual quantity of all material picked or consumed when the status of a production order is changed to Finished, unless using routing link codes. When using routing link codes, the material is consumed after a quantity of the parent item is recorded for the operational step in the Output Journal.

When the Production Order is refreshed, the flushing method is copied from the item card. Because the flushing method for each production order component controls how and when the consumption is recorded, it is important to note that you can change flushing method for specific items directly on the Production Order.

Automatic Consumption Posting (Flushing)

The advantage of automatic flushing is that it greatly reduces data entry. With the ability to automatically flush an operation, the entire consumption and output recording process can be automated. The disadvantage of using automatic flushing is that you may not be accurately recording, or even aware of, scrap. The Automatic Reporting methods are:

Forward Flush the Entire Order
Forward Flushing by Operation
Back Flushing by Operation
Back Flushing the Entire Order

Automatic Reporting - Forward Flush the Entire Order

If you forward flush the production order at the start of the job, the behavior of the program is very similar to a manual consumption. The major difference is that consumption happens automatically.

The entire contents of the production BOM are consumed and deducted from inventory at the time the released production order is refreshed.
The consumption quantity is the quantity per assembly stated on the production BOM, multiplied by the number of parent items you are building.
There is no need to record any information in the consumption journal if all of the items are to be flushed.
When consuming items from inventory, it does not matter when output journal entries are made, because the output journal has no effect on this mode of consumption posting.
No routing link codes can be set.

Forward flushing an entire order is suited in production environments with:

a low number of defects
a low number of operations
high component consumption in early operations

Automatic Reporting - Forward Flushing by Operation

Flushing by operation allows you to deduct inventory during a specific operation in the routing of the parent item. Material is tied to the routing using routing link codes, which correspond to routing link codes applied to components in the production BOM.

The flush takes place when the operation that has the same routing link code is started. Started means that some activity is recorded in the output journal for that operation. And that activity might just be that a setup time is entered.

The amount of the flush is for the quantity per assembly stated on the production BOM multiplied by the number of parent items being built (expected quantity).

This technique is best employed when there are many operations and certain components are not needed until late in the assembly sequence. In fact, a Just-in-Time (JIT) setup might not even have the items on hand when the RPO is begun.

Material can be consumed during operations by using routing link codes. Some components may not be used until final assembly operations and should not be withdrawn from stock until that time.

Automatic Reporting - Back Flushing by Operation

Back flushing by operation records consumption after the operation is posted in the output journal.

The advantage of this method is that the number of parent parts finished in the operation is known.

Material in the production BOM is linked to the routing records using routing link codes. The back flush takes place when an operation with a particular routing link code is posted with a finished quantity.

The amount of the flush is for the quantity per assembly stated on the production BOM multiplied by the number of parent items that were posted as output quantity at that operation. This might be different from the expected quantity.

Automatic Reporting - Back Flushing the Entire Order

This reporting method does not consider routing link codes.

No components are picked until the released production order status is changed to Finished. The amount of the flush is the quantity per assembly stated on the production BOM multiplied by the number of parent items that were finished and placed into inventory.

Backward flushing the entire production order requires the same setup as for forward flushing: The reporting method must be set to backward on each item card for all items within the parent BOM to be reported. In addition, all routing link codes must be removed from the production BOM.

Production Output

The program provides you with the capability to track how much time is spent working on a Production Order, in addition to recording the quantity produced. This information can help you more accurately determine the costs of production. Also, manufacturers using a standard costing system may want to record actual information in order to help them develop better standards.

Output may be processed through the Output Journal, but also may be recorded automatically by the program. The program copies the flushing method from the Machine Center or Work Center card to the Production Order Routing when refreshing. As with material consumption, there are three reporting methods for output:

Manual
Forward
Backward

Manual method uses the Output Journal to specify time consumed and quantity produced.

Forward method records the expected output (and time), which is automatically recorded at the release of a Production Order. Routing link codes are not a factor in the forward flushing of the output.

Backward method records the expected output (and time), which is automatically recorded at the finish of a Production Order. Routing link codes are not a factor in the back flushing of the output.

Posting Consumption and Output

You can use any combination of automatic flushing and manually recorded information for both consumption and output. For example, you may want to automatically forward flush components, but still use the Consumption Journal to record scrap. Similarly, you may want to automatically record output, but use the Output Journal to record scrap of the parent item or additional time spent on the order.

Finally, if you enter consumption and output manually, you need to determine the sequence in which you are going to record this information. You can record consumption first and use a shortcut method to enter the information, which is based on expected quantity of output. Or, you can enter output first, using the Explode Routing function. You would then record consumption based on actual quantity of output.

Production Journal

The Production Journal combines the functions of the Consumption Journal and Output Journals into one journal, which is accessed directly from the Released Production Order.

The purpose of the Production Journal is to provide a single interface for you to register consumption and output from a Production Order.

The Production Journal has a simple view and provides you with the ability to:

Easily record output and consumption related to a Production Order
Relate the components to operations
Relate actual operation data with the standard estimates on the Production Order routing and component lines
Post and print an overview of registered operation data for the Production Order

The Production Journal performs many of the same functions as the Consumption and Output journals. Dimensions, Item Tracking, and Bin Contents are handled in the same way as on the Consumption and Output journals.

However, the Production Journal differs from the Consumption and Output journals in the following ways:

It is called directly from a released production order line and preset with the relevant data.
It allows you to define which types of components to handle based on a flushing method filter on the journal.
Quantities and times already posted for the order are displayed at the bottom of the journal as actual entries.
Fields where data entry is irrelevant are blank and non-editable.
The user can set up the way output quantities are preset in the journal - for example, that the last operation must have zero as Output Quantity.
If you happen to exit the journal without posting your changes, a request message is displayed allowing you to stay in the journal.
It displays operations and components together in a logical structure that provides an overview of the production process.

In the Production Journal, Consumption Quantities are posted as negative Item Ledger Entries, Output Quantities are posted as positive ledger entries, and times spent are posted as Capacity Ledger Entries.

Quick guides for manufacturing are available in a document that you can edit and print in Microsoft Office Word. The file, called Quick Guides – Manufacturing Foundation.doc, is installed in the documentation folder of your client installation.

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