Security Enhancements in the CRT

Significant enhancements have been made to make the CRT more secure. Many CRT functions now have more secure versions. If a new secure function exists, the older, less secure version is marked as deprecated and the new version has the _s ("secure") suffix.

It should be noted that in this context, "deprecated" just means that a function's use is not recommended; it does not indicate that the function is scheduled to be removed from the CRT.

It should also be noted that the secure functions do not prevent or correct security errors; rather, they catch errors when they occur. They perform additional checks for error conditions, and in the case of an error, they invoke an error handler (see Parameter Validation).

For example, the strcpy function has no way of telling if the string that it is copying is too big for its destination buffer. However, its secure counterpart, strcpy_s, takes the size of the buffer as a parameter, so it can determine if a buffer overrun will occur. If you use strcpy_s to copy eleven characters into a ten-character buffer, that is an error on your part; strcpy_s cannot correct your mistake, but it can detect your error and inform you by invoking the invalid parameter handler.

Eliminating deprecation warnings

There are several ways to eliminate deprecation warnings for the older, less secure functions. The simplest is simply to define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS or use the warning pragma. Either will disable deprecation warnings, but of course the security issues that caused the warnings still exist. It is far better to leave deprecation warnings enabled and take advantage of the new CRT security features.

In C++, the easiest way to do that is to use Secure Template Overloads, which in many cases will eliminate deprecation warnings by replacing calls to deprecated functions with calls to the new secure versions of those functions. For example, consider this deprecated call to strcpy:

   char szBuf[10]; 
   strcpy(szBuf, "test"); // warning: deprecated 

Defining _CRT_SECURE_CPP_OVERLOAD_STANDARD_NAMES as 1 eliminates the warning by changing the strcpy call to strcpy_s, which prevents buffer overruns. For more information, see Secure Template Overloads.

For those deprecated functions without secure template overloads, you should definitely consider manually updating your code to use the secure versions.

Another source of deprecation warnings, unrelated to security, is the POSIX functions. Replace POSIX function names with their standard equivalents (for example, change access to _access), or disable POSIX-related deprecation warnings by defining _CRT_NONSTDC_NO_WARNINGS. For more information, see Deprecated CRT Functions.

Security Enhancements

Some of the security enhancements include the following:

• Parameter Validation. Parameters passed to CRT functions are validated, in both secure functions and in many preexisting versions of functions. These validations include:

  • Checking for NULL values passed to the functions.

  • Checking enumerated values for validity.

  • Checking that integral values are in valid ranges.

• For more information, see Parameter Validation.

• A handler for invalid parameters is also accessible to the developer. When an encountering an invalid parameter, instead of asserting and exiting the application, the CRT provides a way to check these problems with the _set_invalid_parameter_handler function.

• Sized Buffers. The secure functions require that the buffer size be passed to any function that writes to a buffer. The secure versions validate that the buffer is large enough before writing to it, helping to avoid dangerous buffer overrun errors that could allow malicious code to execute. These functions usually return an errno type of error code and invoke the invalid parameter handler if the size of the buffer is too small. Functions that read from input buffers, such as gets, have secure versions that require you to specify a maximum size.

• Null termination. Some functions that left potentially non-terminated strings have secure versions which ensure that strings are properly null terminated.

• Enhanced error reporting. The secure functions return error codes with more error information than was available with the preexisting functions. The secure functions and many of the preexisting functions now set errno and often return an errno code type as well, to provide better error reporting.

• Filesystem security. Secure file I/O APIs support secure file access in the default case.

• Windows security. Secure process APIs enforce security policies and allow ACLs to be specified.

• Format string syntax checking. Invalid strings are now detected, for example, using incorrect type field characters in printf format strings.

The documentation for each function describes additional security enhancements.

For more information, see the following article on MSDN Online:

• Safe! Repel Attacks on Your Code with the Visual Studio 2005 Safe C and C++ Libraries by Martyn Lovell.

See Also

Concepts

Parameter Validation

Deprecated CRT Functions

Reference

Security-Enhanced Versions of CRT Functions

Secure Template Overloads

C Run-Time Libraries

Change History

Date	History	Reason
October 2008	Removed dead link.	Customer feedback.