RootkitRevealer v1.71
By Mark Russinovich
Published: November 1, 2006
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Introduction
RootkitRevealer is an advanced rootkit detection utility. It runs on Windows XP (32-bit) and Windows Server 2003 (32-bit), and its output lists Registry and file system API discrepancies that may indicate the presence of a user-mode or kernel-mode rootkit. RootkitRevealer successfully detects many persistent rootkits including AFX, Vanquish and HackerDefender (note: RootkitRevealer is not intended to detect rootkits like Fu that don't attempt to hide their files or registry keys). If you use it to identify the presence of a rootkit please let us know!
The reason that there is no longer a command-line version is that malware authors have started targeting RootkitRevealer's scan by using its executable name. We've therefore updated RootkitRevealer to execute its scan from a randomly named copy of itself that runs as a Windows service. This type of execution is not conducive to a command-line interface. Note that you can use command-line options to execute an automatic scan with results logged to a file, which is the equivalent of the command-line version's behavior.
What is a Rootkit?
The term rootkit is used to describe the mechanisms and techniques whereby malware, including viruses, spyware, and trojans, attempt to hide their presence from spyware blockers, antivirus, and system management utilities. There are several rootkit classifications depending on whether the malware survives reboot and whether it executes in user mode or kernel mode.
Persistent Rootkits
A persistent rootkit is one associated with malware that activates each
time the system boots. Because such malware contain code that must be
executed automatically each system start or when a user logs in, they
must store code in a persistent store, such as the Registry or file
system, and configure a method by which the code executes without user
intervention.
Memory-Based Rootkits
Memory-based rootkits are malware that has no persistent code and
therefore does not survive a reboot.
User-mode Rootkits
There are many methods by which rootkits attempt to evade detection. For
example, a user-mode rootkit might intercept all calls to the Windows
FindFirstFile/FindNextFile APIs, which are used by file system
exploration utilities, including Explorer and the command prompt, to
enumerate the contents of file system directories. When an application
performs a directory listing that would otherwise return results that
contain entries identifying the files associated with the rootkit, the
rootkit intercepts and modifies the output to remove the entries.
The Windows native API serves as the interface between user-mode clients and kernel-mode services and more sophisticated user-mode rootkits intercept file system, Registry, and process enumeration functions of the Native API. This prevents their detection by scanners that compare the results of a Windows API enumeration with that returned by a native API enumeration.
Kernel-mode Rootkits
Kernel-mode rootkits can be even more powerful since, not only can they
intercept the native API in kernel-mode, but they can also directly
manipulate kernel-mode data structures. A common technique for hiding
the presence of a malware process is to remove the process from the
kernel's list of active processes. Since process management APIs rely on
the contents of the list, the malware process will not display in
process management tools like Task Manager or Process Explorer.
How RootkitRevealer Works
Since persistent rootkits work by changing API results so that a system view using APIs differs from the actual view in storage, RootkitRevealer compares the results of a system scan at the highest level with that at the lowest level. The highest level is the Windows API and the lowest level is the raw contents of a file system volume or Registry hive (a hive file is the Registry's on-disk storage format). Thus, rootkits, whether user mode or kernel mode, that manipulate the Windows API or native API to remove their presence from a directory listing, for example, will be seen by RootkitRevealer as a discrepancy between the information returned by the Windows API and that seen in the raw scan of a FAT or NTFS volume's file system structures.
Can a Rootkit hide from RootkitRevealer
It is theoretically possible for a rootkit to hide from RootkitRevealer.
Doing so would require intercepting RootkitRevealer's reads of Registry
hive data or file system data and changing the contents of the data such
that the rootkit's Registry data or files are not present. However, this
would require a level of sophistication not seen in rootkits to date.
Changes to the data would require both an intimate knowledge of the
NTFS, FAT and Registry hive formats, plus the ability to change data
structures such that they hide the rootkit, but do not cause
inconsistent or invalid structures or side-effect discrepancies that
would be flagged by RootkitRevealer.
Is there a sure-fire way to know of a rootkit's presence
In general, not from within a running system. A kernel-mode rootkit can
control any aspect of a system's behavior so information returned by any
API, including the raw reads of Registry hive and file system data
performed by RootkitRevealer, can be compromised. While comparing an
on-line scan of a system and an off-line scan from a secure environment
such as a boot into a CD-based operating system installation is more
reliable, rootkits can target such tools to evade detection by even
them.
The bottom line is that there will never be a universal rootkit scanner, but the most powerful scanners will be on-line/off-line comparison scanners that integrate with antivirus.
Using RootkitRevealer
RootkitRevealer requires that the account from which its run has assigned to it the Backup files and directories, Load drivers and Perform volume maintenance tasks (on Windows XP and higher) privileges. The Administrators group is assigned these privileges by default. In order to minimize false positives run RootkitRevealer on an idle system.
For best results exit all applications and keep the system otherwise idle during the RootkitRevealer scanning process.
If you have questions or problems please visit the Sysinternals RootkitRevealer Forum.
Manual Scanning
To scan a system launch it on the system and press the Scan button. RootkitRevealer scans the system reporting its actions in a status area at the bottom of its window and noting discrepancies in the output list. The options you can configure:
- Hide NTFS Metadata Files: this option is on by default and has RootkitRevealer not show standard NTFS metadata files, which are hidden from the Windows API.
- Scan Registry: this option is on by default. Deselecting it has RootkitRevealer not perform a Registry scan.
Launching an Automatic Scan
RootkitRevealer supports several options for auto-scanning systems:
Usage: rootkitrevealer [-a [-c] [-m] [-r] outputfile]
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
-a | Automatically scan and exit when done. |
-c | Format output as CSV. |
-m | Show NTFS metadata files. |
-r | Don't scan the Registry. |
Note that the file output location must be on a local volume.
If you specify the -c option it does not report progress and discrepancies are printed in CSV format for easy import into a database. You can perform scans of remote systems by executing it with the Sysinternals PsExec utility using a command-line like the following:
psexec \\remote -c rootkitrevealer.exe -a c:\windows\system32\rootkit.log
Interpreting the Output
This is a screenshot of RootkitRevealer detecting the presence of the popular HackerDefender rootkit. The Registry key discrepancies show that the Registry keys storing HackerDefender's device driver and service settings are not visible to the Windows API, but are present in the raw scan of the Registry hive data. Similarly, the HackerDefender-associated files are not visible to Windows API directory scans, but are present in the scan of the raw file system data.
You should examine all discrepancies and determine the likelihood that they indicate the presence of a rootkit. Unfortunately, there is no definitive way to determine, based on the output, if a rootkit is present, but you should examine all reported discrepancies to ensure that they are explainable. If you determine that you have a rootkit installed, search the web for removal instructions. If you are unsure as to how to remove a rootkit you should reformat the system's hard disk and reinstall Windows.
In addition to the information below on possible RootkitRevealer discrepancies, the RootkitRevealer Forum at Sysinternals discusses detected rootkits and specific false-positives.
Hidden from Windows API
These discrepancies are the ones exhibited by most rootkits; however, if you haven't checked the Hide NTFS metadata files you should expect to see a number of such entries on any NTFS volume, since NTFS hides its metadata files, such as $MFT and $Secure, from the Windows API. The metadata files present on NTFS volumes vary by version of NTFS and the NTFS features that have been enabled on the volume. There are also antivirus products, such as Kaspersky Antivirus, that use rootkit techniques to hide data they store in NTFS alternate data streams. If you are running such a virus scanner you'll see a Hidden from Windows API discrepancy for an alternate data stream on every NTFS file. RootkitRevealer does not support output filters because rootkits can take advantage of any filtering. Finally, if a file is deleted during a scan you may also see this discrepancy.
This is a list of NTFS metadata files defined as of Windows Server 2003:
- $AttrDef
- $BadClus
- $BadClus:$Bad
- $BitMap
- $Boot
- $LogFile
- $Mft
- $MftMirr
- $Secure
- $UpCase
- $Volume
- $Extend
- $Extend\$Reparse
- $Extend\$ObjId
- $Extend\$UsnJrnl
- $Extend\$UsnJrnl:$Max
- $Extend\$Quota
Access is Denied.
RootkitRevealer should never report this discrepancy since it uses
mechanisms that allow it to access any file, directory, or registry key
on a system.
Visible in Windows API, directory index, but not in MFT.
Visible in Windows API, but not in MFT or directory index.
Visible in Windows API, MFT, but not in directory index.
Visible in directory index, but not Windows API or MFT.
A file system scan consists of three components: the Windows API, the NTFS Master File Table (MFT), and the NTFS on-disk directory index structures. These discrepancies indicate that a file appears in only one or two of the scans. A common reason is that a file is either created or deleted during the scans. This is an example of RootkitRevealer's discrepancy report for a file created during the scanning:
C:\newfile.txt
3/1/2005 5:26 PM
8 bytes
Visible in Windows API, but not in MFT or directory index.
Windows API length not consistent with raw hive data.
Rootkits can attempt to hide themselves by misrepresenting the size of a
Registry value so that its contents aren't visible to the Windows API.
You should examine any such discrepancy, though it may also appear as a
result of Registry values that change during a scan.
Type mismatch between Windows API and raw hive data.
Registry values have a type, such as DWORD and REG_SZ, and this
discrepancy notes that the type of a value as reported through the
Windows API differs from that of the raw hive data. A rootkit can mask
its data by storing it as a REG_BINARY value, for example, and making
the Windows API believe it to be a REG_SZ value; if it stores a 0 at
the start of the data the Windows API will not be able to access
subsequent data.
Key name contains embedded nulls.
The Windows API treats key names as null-terminated strings, whereas the
kernel treats them as counted strings. Thus, it is possible to create
Registry keys that are visible to the operating system, yet only
partially visible to Registry tools like Regedit. The
Reghide sample code
at Sysinternals demonstrates this technique, which is used by both
malware and rootkits to hide Registry data. Use the Sysinternals
RegDelNull
utility to delete keys with embedded nulls.
Data mismatch between Windows API and raw hive data.
This discrepancy will occur if a Registry value is updated while the
Registry scan is in progress. Values that change frequently include
timestamps such as the Microsoft SQL Server uptime value, shown below,
and virus scanner "last scan" values. You should investigate any
reported value to ensure that it's a valid application or system Registry
value.
HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL
Server\RECOVERYMANAGER\MSSQLServer\uptime_time_utc
3/1/2005 4:33 PM
8 bytes
Rootkit Resources
The following Web sites and books are sources of more information on rootkits:
Sony, Rootkits and Digital Rights Management Gone Too
Far
Read Mark's blog entry on his discovery and analysis of a Sony rootkit
on one of his computers.
Unearthing Rootkits
Mark's June Windows IT Pro Magazine article provides an overview of
rootkit technologies and how RootkitRevealer works.
Rootkits: Subverting the Windows
Kernel
This book by Greg Hoglund and Jamie Butler is the most comprehensive
treatment of rootkits available.
www.phrack.org
This site stores the archive of Phrack, a cracker-oriented magazine
where developers discuss flaws in security-related products, rootkit
techniques, and other malware tricks.
The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense, by Peter Szor
Malware: Fighting Malicious Code, by Ed Skoudis and Lenny Zeltser
Windows Internals, 4th Edition, by Mark Russinovich and Dave Solomon (the book doesn't talk about rootkits, but understanding the Windows architecture is helpful to understanding rootkits).
Download RootkitRevealer (231 KB)
Run now from Sysinternals Live.