I encountered the same situation too. In my case the reason was that the parameters of pipeline component I set hit the automatic reuse strategy where orchestrator doesn't re-run step if it same parameters and same input path. So I changed the output settings of component and set the "Regenerate output" to be choosen. Then the scheduled job goes perfectly.
Here's my reference: https://github.com/Azure/MachineLearningNotebooks/issues/270
Any my component is Execute Python Script. You can see that the second job dose not run any script.
First job:
Second job:
Hope it will be helpful.
After setting this, if still failed in schedule scenario you can check whether the job definition was successful attached to the schedule. If not you can set job definition via azure cli or sdk of your language.
I think it's maybe a bug that we can see job definition of pipeline in portal/UI, but when list the schedules by sdk we can see that no job definition in the schedule.