Sounds like you have a Windows app (console, Winforms, WPF, etc) so you can just xcopy the contents of the output directory to any machine that has a copy of .NET Framework installed on it and then run your app. Note that this will generally be the exe, dlls, your app.exe.config file and possibly some .pdb files. These are all that are needed to run your app. But if you have additional file system dependencies (like images or something you are expecting to be in subdirectories of your app) then you would need to mark them as content (Build Actions in Solution Explorer) and then those folders would show up in the output directory as well.
On Windows machines, if you xcopy the folder, then the files are likely to be blocked since it is coming from an untrusted source. You would need to unblock the exe in Windows Explorer.
If you want something more like an installer or a single binary to share then look at ClickOnce for a simple case of bundling up an app. If you need more complex installation options like file extensions or registry entries then you'll want to look at a formal installer like WiX, InstallShield or Install Anywhere.