Tutorial: Distributed Training with Horovod Runner and TensorFlow (deprecated)
Horovod is a distributed training framework for libraries like TensorFlow and PyTorch. With Horovod, users can scale up an existing training script to run on hundreds of GPUs in just a few lines of code.
Within Azure Synapse Analytics, users can quickly get started with Horovod using the default Apache Spark 3 runtime. For Spark ML pipeline applications using TensorFlow, users can use HorovodRunner. This notebook uses an Apache Spark dataframe to perform distributed training of a distributed neural network (DNN) model on MNIST dataset. This tutorial uses TensorFlow and the HorovodRunner to run the training process.
Prerequisites
- Azure Synapse Analytics workspace with an Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2 storage account configured as the default storage. You need to be the Storage Blob Data Contributor of the Data Lake Storage Gen2 file system that you work with.
- Create a GPU-enabled Apache Spark pool in your Azure Synapse Analytics workspace. For details, see Create a GPU-enabled Apache Spark pool in Azure Synapse. For this tutorial, we suggest using the GPU-Large cluster size with 3 nodes.
Note
The Preview for Azure Synapse GPU-enabled pools has now been deprecated.
Caution
Deprecation and disablement notification for GPUs on the Azure Synapse Runtime for Apache Spark 3.1 and 3.2
- The GPU accelerated preview is now deprecated on the Apache Spark 3.2 (deprecated) runtime. Deprecated runtimes will not have bug and feature fixes. This runtime and the corresponding GPU accelerated preview on Spark 3.2 has been retired and disabled as of July 8, 2024.
- The GPU accelerated preview is now deprecated on the Azure Synapse 3.1 (deprecated) runtime. Azure Synapse Runtime for Apache Spark 3.1 has reached its end of support as of January 26, 2023, with official support discontinued effective January 26, 2024, and no further addressing of support tickets, bug fixes, or security updates beyond this date.
Configure the Apache Spark session
At the start of the session, we need to configure a few Apache Spark settings. In most cases, we only need to set the numExecutors and spark.rapids.memory.gpu.reserve. For very large models, users may also need to configure the spark.kryoserializer.buffer.max setting. For TensorFlow models, users need to set the spark.executorEnv.TF_FORCE_GPU_ALLOW_GROWTH to be true.
In the example, you can see how the Spark configurations can be passed with the %%configure command. The detailed meaning of each parameter is explained in the Apache Spark configuration documentation. The values provided are the suggested, best practice values for Azure Synapse GPU-large pools.
%%configure -f
{
"driverMemory": "30g",
"driverCores": 4,
"executorMemory": "60g",
"executorCores": 12,
"numExecutors": 3,
"conf":{
"spark.rapids.memory.gpu.reserve": "10g",
"spark.executorEnv.TF_FORCE_GPU_ALLOW_GROWTH": "true",
"spark.kryoserializer.buffer.max": "2000m"
}
}
For this tutorial, we use the following configurations:
%%configure -f
{
"numExecutors": 3,
"conf":{
"spark.rapids.memory.gpu.reserve": "10g",
"spark.executorEnv.TF_FORCE_GPU_ALLOW_GROWTH": "true"
}
}
Note
When training with Horovod, users should set the Spark configuration for numExecutors to be less or equal to the number of nodes.
Setup primary storage account
We need the Azure Data Lake Storage (ADLS) account for storing intermediate and model data. If you are using an alternative storage account, be sure to set up the linked service to automatically authenticate and read from the account.
In this example, we read data from the primary Azure Synapse Analytics storage account. To read the results you need to modify the following properties: remote_url.
# Specify training parameters
num_proc = 3 # equal to numExecutors
batch_size = 128
epochs = 3
lr_single_node = 0.1 # learning rate for single node code
# configure adls store remote url
remote_url = "<<abfss path to storage account>>
Prepare dataset
Next, we prepare the dataset for training. In this tutorial, we use the MNIST dataset from Azure Open Datasets.
def get_dataset(rank=0, size=1):
# import dependency libs
from azureml.opendatasets import MNIST
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
import numpy as np
# Download MNIST dataset from Azure Open Datasets
mnist = MNIST.get_tabular_dataset()
mnist_df = mnist.to_pandas_dataframe()
# Preprocess dataset
mnist_df['features'] = mnist_df.iloc[:, :784].values.tolist()
mnist_df.drop(mnist_df.iloc[:, :784], inplace=True, axis=1)
x = np.array(mnist_df['features'].values.tolist())
y = np.array(mnist_df['label'].values.tolist()).reshape(-1, 1)
enc = OneHotEncoder()
enc.fit(y)
y = enc.transform(y).toarray()
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = (x[:60000], y[:60000]), (x[60000:],
y[60000:])
# Prepare dataset for distributed training
x_train = x_train[rank::size]
y_train = y_train[rank::size]
x_test = x_test[rank::size]
y_test = y_test[rank::size]
# Reshape and Normalize data for model input
x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], 28, 28, 1)
x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], 28, 28, 1)
x_train = x_train.astype('float32')
x_test = x_test.astype('float32')
x_train /= 255.0
x_test /= 255.0
return (x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test)
Define DNN model
Once our dataset is processed, we can define our TensorFlow model. The same code could also be used to train a single-node TensorFlow model.
# Define the TensorFlow model without any Horovod-specific parameters
def get_model():
from tensorflow.keras import models
from tensorflow.keras import layers
model = models.Sequential()
model.add(
layers.Conv2D(32,
kernel_size=(3, 3),
activation='relu',
input_shape=(28, 28, 1)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Dropout(0.25))
model.add(layers.Flatten())
model.add(layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dropout(0.5))
model.add(layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax'))
return model
Define a training function for a single node
First, we train our TensorFlow model on the driver node of the Apache Spark pool. Once the training process is complete, we evaluate the model and print the loss and accuracy scores.
def train(learning_rate=0.1):
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
gpus = tf.config.experimental.list_physical_devices('GPU')
for gpu in gpus:
tf.config.experimental.set_memory_growth(gpu, True)
# Prepare dataset
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = get_dataset()
# Initialize model
model = get_model()
# Specify the optimizer (Adadelta in this example)
optimizer = keras.optimizers.Adadelta(learning_rate=learning_rate)
model.compile(optimizer=optimizer,
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(x_train,
y_train,
batch_size=batch_size,
epochs=epochs,
verbose=2,
validation_data=(x_test, y_test))
return model
# Run the training process on the driver
model = train(learning_rate=lr_single_node)
# Evaluate the single node, trained model
_, (x_test, y_test) = get_dataset()
loss, accuracy = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=128)
print("loss:", loss)
print("accuracy:", accuracy)
Migrate to HorovodRunner for distributed training
Next, we will take a look at how the same code could be re-run using HorovodRunner for distributed training.
Define training function
To train a model, we first define a training function for HorovodRunner.
# Define training function for Horovod runner
def train_hvd(learning_rate=0.1):
# Import base libs
import tempfile
import os
import shutil
import atexit
# Import tensorflow modules to each worker
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
import horovod.tensorflow.keras as hvd
# Initialize Horovod
hvd.init()
# Pin GPU to be used to process local rank (one GPU per process)
# These steps are skipped on a CPU cluster
gpus = tf.config.experimental.list_physical_devices('GPU')
for gpu in gpus:
tf.config.experimental.set_memory_growth(gpu, True)
if gpus:
tf.config.experimental.set_visible_devices(gpus[hvd.local_rank()],
'GPU')
# Call the get_dataset function you created, this time with the Horovod rank and size
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = get_dataset(hvd.rank(), hvd.size())
# Initialize model with random weights
model = get_model()
# Adjust learning rate based on number of GPUs
optimizer = keras.optimizers.Adadelta(learning_rate=learning_rate *
hvd.size())
# Use the Horovod Distributed Optimizer
optimizer = hvd.DistributedOptimizer(optimizer)
model.compile(optimizer=optimizer,
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# Create a callback to broadcast the initial variable states from rank 0 to all other processes.
# This is required to ensure consistent initialization of all workers when training is started with random weights or restored from a checkpoint.
callbacks = [
hvd.callbacks.BroadcastGlobalVariablesCallback(0),
]
# Model checkpoint location.
ckpt_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
ckpt_file = os.path.join(ckpt_dir, 'checkpoint.h5')
atexit.register(lambda: shutil.rmtree(ckpt_dir))
# Save checkpoints only on worker 0 to prevent conflicts between workers
if hvd.rank() == 0:
callbacks.append(
keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(ckpt_file,
monitor='val_loss',
mode='min',
save_best_only=True))
model.fit(x_train,
y_train,
batch_size=batch_size,
callbacks=callbacks,
epochs=epochs,
verbose=2,
validation_data=(x_test, y_test))
# Return model bytes only on worker 0
if hvd.rank() == 0:
with open(ckpt_file, 'rb') as f:
return f.read()
Run training
Once the model is defined, we can run the training process.
# Run training
import os
import sys
import horovod.spark
best_model_bytes = \
horovod.spark.run(train_hvd, args=(lr_single_node, ), num_proc=num_proc,
env=os.environ.copy(),
stdout=sys.stdout, stderr=sys.stderr, verbose=2,
prefix_output_with_timestamp=True)[0]
Save checkpoints to ADLS storage
The code shows how to save the checkpoints to the Azure Data Lake Storage (ADLS) account.
import tempfile
import fsspec
import os
local_ckpt_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
local_ckpt_file = os.path.join(local_ckpt_dir, 'mnist-ckpt.h5')
adls_ckpt_file = remote_url + local_ckpt_file
with open(local_ckpt_file, 'wb') as f:
f.write(best_model_bytes)
## Upload local file to ADLS
fs = fsspec.filesystem('abfss')
fs.upload(local_ckpt_file, adls_ckpt_file)
print(adls_ckpt_file)
Evaluate Horovod trained model
Once the model training is complete, we can then take a look at the loss and accuracy for the final model.
import tensorflow as tf
hvd_model = tf.keras.models.load_model(local_ckpt_file)
_, (x_test, y_test) = get_dataset()
loss, accuracy = hvd_model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=128)
print("loaded model loss and accuracy:", loss, accuracy)
Clean up resources
To ensure the Spark instance is shut down, end any connected sessions(notebooks). The pool shuts down when the idle time specified in the Apache Spark pool is reached. You can also select stop session from the status bar at the upper right of the notebook.
