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Usar la varianza en interfaces para las colecciones genéricas (C# y Visual Basic)

Una interfaz covariante permite que sus métodos devuelvan tipos más derivados que los especificados en la interfaz.Una interfaz contravariante permite que sus métodos acepten parámetros de tipos menos derivados que los especificados en la interfaz.

En .NET Framework 4, varias interfaces ya existentes pasan a ser covariantes y contravariantes.Entre estas se incluyen IEnumerable<T> y IComparable<T>.Esto permite reutilizar los métodos que funcionan con colecciones genéricas de tipos base para las colecciones de tipos derivados.

Para obtener una lista de las interfaces variantes de .NET Framework, vea Varianza en interfaces genéricas (C# y Visual Basic).

Convertir colecciones genéricas

En el ejemplo siguiente se muestran las ventajas de la compatibilidad con la covarianza en la interfaz IEnumerable<T>.El método PrintFullName acepta una colección del tipo IEnumerable<Person> (IEnumerable(Of Person) en Visual Basic) como parámetro.Sin embargo, puede reutilizarse para una colección del tipo IEnumerable<Employee> (IEnumerable(Of Person) en Visual Basic) porque Employee hereda Person.

' Simple hierarchy of classes.
Public Class Person
    Public Property FirstName As String
    Public Property LastName As String
End Class

Public Class Employee
    Inherits Person
End Class

' The method has a parameter of the IEnumerable(Of Person) type.
Public Sub PrintFullName(ByVal persons As IEnumerable(Of Person))
    For Each person As Person In persons
        Console.WriteLine(
            "Name: " & person.FirstName & " " & person.LastName)
    Next
End Sub

Sub Main()
    Dim employees As IEnumerable(Of Employee) = New List(Of Employee)

    ' You can pass IEnumerable(Of Employee), 
    ' although the method expects IEnumerable(Of Person).

    PrintFullName(employees)

End Sub
// Simple hierarchy of classes.
public class Person
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
}

public class Employee : Person { }

class Program
{
    // The method has a parameter of the IEnumerable<Person> type.
    public static void PrintFullName(IEnumerable<Person> persons)
    {
        foreach (Person person in persons)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Name: {0} {1}",
            person.FirstName, person.LastName);
        }
    }

    public static void Test()
    {
        IEnumerable<Employee> employees = new List<Employee>();

        // You can pass IEnumerable<Employee>, 
        // although the method expects IEnumerable<Person>.

        PrintFullName(employees);

    }
}

Comparar colecciones genéricas

En el ejemplo siguiente se muestran las ventajas de la compatibilidad con la contravarianza en la interfaz IComparer<T>.La clase PersonComparer implementa la interfaz IComparer<Person> (IComparer(Of Person) en Visual Basic).Sin embargo, puede reutilizar esta clase para comparar una secuencia de objetos del tipo Employee porque Employee hereda Person.

' Simple hierarhcy of classes.
Public Class Person
    Public Property FirstName As String
    Public Property LastName As String
End Class

Public Class Employee
    Inherits Person
End Class
' The custom comparer for the Person type
' with standard implementations of Equals()
' and GetHashCode() methods.
Class PersonComparer
    Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person)

    Public Function Equals1(
        ByVal x As Person,
        ByVal y As Person) As Boolean _
        Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person).Equals

        If x Is y Then Return True
        If x Is Nothing OrElse y Is Nothing Then Return False
        Return (x.FirstName = y.FirstName) AndAlso
            (x.LastName = y.LastName)
    End Function
    Public Function GetHashCode1(
        ByVal person As Person) As Integer _
        Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person).GetHashCode

        If person Is Nothing Then Return 0
        Dim hashFirstName =
            If(person.FirstName Is Nothing,
            0, person.FirstName.GetHashCode())
        Dim hashLastName = person.LastName.GetHashCode()
        Return hashFirstName Xor hashLastName
    End Function
End Class

Sub Main()
    Dim employees = New List(Of Employee) From {
        New Employee With {.FirstName = "Michael", .LastName = "Alexander"},
        New Employee With {.FirstName = "Jeff", .LastName = "Price"}
    }

    ' You can pass PersonComparer, 
    ' which implements IEqualityComparer(Of Person),
    ' although the method expects IEqualityComparer(Of Employee)

    Dim noduplicates As IEnumerable(Of Employee) = employees.Distinct(New PersonComparer())

    For Each employee In noduplicates
        Console.WriteLine(employee.FirstName & " " & employee.LastName)
    Next
End Sub
// Simple hierarchy of classes.
public class Person
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
}

public class Employee : Person { }

// The custom comparer for the Person type
// with standard implementations of Equals()
// and GetHashCode() methods.
class PersonComparer : IEqualityComparer<Person>
{
    public bool Equals(Person x, Person y)
    {            
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(x, y)) return true;
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(x, null) ||
            Object.ReferenceEquals(y, null))
            return false;            
        return x.FirstName == y.FirstName && x.LastName == y.LastName;
    }
    public int GetHashCode(Person person)
    {
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(person, null)) return 0;
        int hashFirstName = person.FirstName == null
            ? 0 : person.FirstName.GetHashCode();
        int hashLastName = person.LastName.GetHashCode();
        return hashFirstName ^ hashLastName;
    }
}

class Program
{

    public static void Test()
    {
        List<Employee> employees = new List<Employee> {
               new Employee() {FirstName = "Michael", LastName = "Alexander"},
               new Employee() {FirstName = "Jeff", LastName = "Price"}
            };

        // You can pass PersonComparer, 
        // which implements IEqualityComparer<Person>,
        // although the method expects IEqualityComparer<Employee>.

        IEnumerable<Employee> noduplicates =
            employees.Distinct<Employee>(new PersonComparer());

        foreach (var employee in noduplicates)
            Console.WriteLine(employee.FirstName + " " + employee.LastName);
    }
}

Vea también

Conceptos

Varianza en interfaces genéricas (C# y Visual Basic)