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Transport Layer Security (TLS) support in IoT Hub

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IoT Hub uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) to secure connections from IoT devices and services. Three versions of the TLS protocol are currently supported, namely versions 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2.

TLS 1.0 and 1.1 are considered legacy and are planned for deprecation. For more information, see Deprecating TLS 1.0 and 1.1 for IoT Hub. To avoid future issues, use TLS 1.2 as the only TLS version when connecting to IoT Hub.

IoT Hub's server TLS certificate

During a TLS handshake, IoT Hub presents RSA-keyed server certificates to connecting clients.In the past, the certificates were all rooted from the Baltimore Cybertrust Root CA. Because the Baltimore root is at end-of-life, we are in the process of migrating to a new root called DigiCert Global G2. This migration impacts all devices currently connecting to IoT Hub. For more information, see IoT TLS certificate update.

Although root CA migrations are rare, for resilience in the modern security landscape you should prepare your IoT scenario for the unlikely event that a root CA is compromised or an emergency root CA migration is necessary. We strongly recommend that all devices trust the following three root CAs:

  • Baltimore CyberTrust root CA
  • DigiCert Global G2 root CA
  • Microsoft RSA root CA 2017

For links to download these certificates, see Azure Certificate Authority details.

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) server TLS certificate (preview)

IoT Hub ECC server TLS certificate is available for public preview. While offering similar security to RSA certificates, ECC certificate validation (with ECC-only cipher suites) uses up to 40% less compute, memory, and bandwidth. These savings are important for IoT devices because of their smaller profiles and memory, and to support use cases in network bandwidth limited environments.

We strongly recommend that all devices using ECC trust the following two root CAs:

  • DigiCert Global G3 root CA
  • Microsoft RSA root CA 2017

For links to download these certificates, see Azure Certificate Authority details.

To preview IoT Hub's ECC server certificate:

  1. Create a new IoT hub with preview mode on.
  2. Configure your client to include only ECDSA cipher suites and exclude any RSA ones. These are the supported cipher suites for the ECC certificate public preview:
    • TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
    • TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
    • TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
    • TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
  3. Connect your client to the preview IoT hub.

TLS 1.2 enforcement available in select regions

For added security, configure your IoT Hubs to only allow client connections that use TLS version 1.2 and to enforce the use of cipher suites. This feature is only supported in these regions:

  • East US
  • South Central US
  • West US 2
  • US Gov Arizona
  • US Gov Virginia (TLS 1.0/1.1 support isn't available in this region - TLS 1.2 enforcement must be enabled or IoT hub creation fails)

To enable TLS 1.2 enforcement, follow the steps in Create an IoT hub in Azure portal, except

  • Choose a Region from one in the list above.

  • Under Management -> Advanced -> Transport Layer Security (TLS) -> Minimum TLS version, select 1.2. This setting only appears for IoT hub created in supported region.

    Screenshot showing how to turn on TLS 1.2 enforcement during IoT hub creation

To use ARM template for creation, provision a new IoT Hub in any of the supported regions and set the minTlsVersion property to 1.2 in the resource specification:

{
    "$schema": "https://schema.management.azure.com/schemas/2015-01-01/deploymentTemplate.json#",
    "contentVersion": "1.0.0.0",
    "resources": [
        {
            "type": "Microsoft.Devices/IotHubs",
            "apiVersion": "2020-01-01",
            "name": "<provide-a-valid-resource-name>",
            "location": "<any-of-supported-regions-below>",
            "properties": {
                "minTlsVersion": "1.2"
            },
            "sku": {
                "name": "<your-hubs-SKU-name>",
                "tier": "<your-hubs-SKU-tier>",
                "capacity": 1
            }
        }
    ]
}

The created IoT Hub resource using this configuration will refuse device and service clients that attempt to connect using TLS versions 1.0 and 1.1. Similarly, the TLS handshake will be refused if the ClientHello message does not list any of the recommended ciphers.

Note

The minTlsVersion property is read-only and cannot be changed once your IoT Hub resource is created. It is therefore essential that you properly test and validate that all your IoT devices and services are compatible with TLS 1.2 and the recommended ciphers in advance.

Upon failovers, the minTlsVersion property of your IoT Hub will remain effective in the geo-paired region post-failover.

Cipher suites

IoT Hubs that are configured to accept only TLS 1.2 will also enforce the use of the following recommended cipher suites:

  • TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
  • TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
  • TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
  • TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384

For IoT Hubs not configured for TLS 1.2 enforcement, TLS 1.2 still works with the following cipher suites:

  • TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
  • TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
  • TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
  • TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
  • TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
  • TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256
  • TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
  • TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
  • TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
  • TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
  • TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
  • TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA (This cipher will be deprecated on 10/01/2022 and will no longer be used for TLS handshakes)

A client can suggest a list of higher cipher suites to use during ClientHello. However, some of them might not be supported by IoT Hub (for example, ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384). In this case, IoT Hub will try to follow the preference of the client, but eventually negotiate down the cipher suite with ServerHello.

TLS configuration for SDK and IoT Edge

Use the links below to configure TLS 1.2 and allowed ciphers in IoT Hub client SDKs.

Language Versions supporting TLS 1.2 Documentation
C Tag 2019-12-11 or newer Link
Python Version 2.0.0 or newer Link
C# Version 1.21.4 or newer Link
Java Version 1.19.0 or newer Link
NodeJS Version 1.12.2 or newer Link

IoT Edge devices can be configured to use TLS 1.2 when communicating with IoT Hub. For this purpose, use the IoT Edge documentation page.

Device authentication

After a successful TLS handshake, IoT Hub can authenticate a device using a symmetric key or an X.509 certificate. For certificate-based authentication, this can be any X.509 certificate, including ECC. IoT Hub validates the certificate against the thumbprint or certificate authority (CA) you provide. To learn more, see Supported X.509 certificates.

Mutual TLS support

Mutual TLS authentication ensures that the client authenticates the server (IoT Hub) certificate and the server (IoT Hub) authenticates the X.509 client certificate or X.509 thumbprint. Authorization is performed by IoT Hub after authentication is complete.

For AMQP and MQTT protocols, IoT Hub requests a client certificate in the initial TLS handshake. If one is provided, IoT Hub authenticates the client certificate and the client authenticates the IoT Hub certificate. This process is called mutual TLS authentication. When IoT Hub receives an MQTT connect packet or an AMQP link opens, IoT Hub performs authorization for the requesting client and determines if the client requires X.509 authentication. If mutual TLS authentication was completed and the client is authorized to connect as the device, it is allowed. However, if the client requires X.509 authentication and client authentication was not completed during the TLS handshake, then IoT Hub rejects the connection.

For HTTP protocol, when the client makes its first request, IoT Hub checks if the client requires X.509 authentication and if client authentication was complete then IoT Hub performs authorization. If client authentication was not complete, then IoT Hub rejects the connection

Certificate pinning

Certificate pinning and filtering of the TLS server certificates (aka leaf certificates) and intermediate certificates associated with IoT Hub endpoints is strongly discouraged as Microsoft frequently rolls these certificates with little or no notice. If you must, only pin the root certificates as described in this Azure IoT blog post.

TLS maximum fragment length negotiation (preview)

IoT Hub also supports TLS maximum fragment length negotiation, which is sometimes known as TLS frame size negotiation. This feature is in public preview.

Use this feature to specify the maximum plaintext fragment length to a value smaller than the default 2^14 bytes. Once negotiated, IoT Hub and the client begin fragmenting messages to ensure all fragments are smaller than the negotiated length. This behavior is helpful to compute or memory constrained devices. To learn more, see the official TLS extension spec.

Official SDK support for this public preview feature isn't yet available. To get started

  1. Create a new IoT hub with preview mode on.
  2. When using OpenSSL, call SSL_CTX_set_tlsext_max_fragment_length to specify the fragment size.
  3. Connect your client to the preview IoT Hub.

Next steps